BIOL 101
STUDY G : Y B UIDE OUR ODY AT WORK
10 The Internally Integrated Human Animal
10.1 The Integrated Human
List the names of 10 body systems and the principle role of each in serving the rest of the body.
-Muscular – facilitate movement of the body and within the body
-Skeletal – Gives support and form to the body and assists the muscular system during
movement
-Integumentary – insulates the organism while protecting it from destruction and invasion
by foreign pathogens
-Digestive – facilitates the intake and mechanical and enzymatic degradation of foods,
followed by absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes
-Respiratory – enables critical gaseous reactants and products to be added to and removed
from blood
-Urinary – filters the blood, creating, collecting, and storing the resulting urine for
excretion
-Lymphatic – facilitates the surveillance of tissue fluids and their movement back to the
bloodstream
-Endocrine – secret hormones into the bloodstream; the hormones in turn control many
aspects of the body’s form and function
-Nervous – coordinates the activities of the organism while transmitting signals from one
location to another
-Cardiovascular – facilitate the movement of cells and soluble materials to and from all
parts of the body
A student runs up a flight of stairs. Other than the skeletal system, which body system would be
most immediate in its support of the muscular system in this activity? Cardiovascular
As a student runs up a flight of stairs, her _ _ system serves her by providing Integumentory
moisture for evaporation to remove the heat her body is generating. It helps to moderate her
body temperature.
10.2 The Muscular System
Muscle Structural Organization
A muscle is composed of thousands of muscle cells (fibers) bound into groups of 100 or more
fibers call _ _ each of which is surrounded by _ _ tissue called perimysium.fascicles connective
What is the name of a contractile unit of a muscle? Sarcomeres
Muscle Contraction
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During muscle contraction, _ _ filaments use their protein heads to attach sequentially to myosin
sites along actin filaments.
Control of Contraction: Ions, Gradients, and Membrane Potentials
While waiting for a signal to contract, a muscle cell membrane maintains a slightly higher
positive charge on which side of the of the membrane? This is possible only because Outside
__Na-k-ATPase__ pumps are available to generate this charge difference.
Contraction of Cardiac and Smooth Muscle
Which of the three general types of muscle tissue helps to keep both our blood pressure regulated
and our digestive processes effective? Smooth muscle
Name the calcium-binding proteins in skeletal muscle and those in smooth muscle.
Skeletal muscle – troponin
Smooth muscle – calmodulin
10.3 The Cardiovascular System
Blood: A Medium of Exchange
What is the most common molecule found in plasma, (or in all of blood for that matter)? See
Figure 10.9, chart. Water
Blood Vessels: The Body’s Avenue of Life
In which type of vessels—arteries, , or veins—do the exchange of oxygen and carbon capillaries
dioxide, and of nutrients and cell wastes occur (principally)?
The Heart: The Dynamo of Human Life
Systolic blood pressure is the _ __ number of your blood pressure reading. It is recorded higher
when the heart (—specifically the left _ _ --) contracts.ventricle
Trace the route of blood flow through the human heart. Figure 10.11 will help.
10.4 Basic Concepts of Immunity
Notice the parts of Table 10.2. List three general lines of defense in the human immune system.
-Barriers at body surfaces
-Non-specific responses
-Immune responses
Your First Line of Defense
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The _ __ secretions from membranes lining your bronchial passages entrain microbes. mucous
Cilia then carry them away to your acid-laden stomach where they will die.
Your Second Line of Defense
Name two contrasting the sites in the body where macrophages and neutrophils patrol for foreign
objects. Tissue and blood
Inflammation results from increased release of fluids and cells in the area of an infection. List
four basic signs and symptoms of inflammation. Redness, swelling, heat, pain
Your Third Line of Defense
Review Table 10.3. List four fundamental characteristics of the adaptive immune response.
-Requires exposure to foreign agent
-Is specific for the particular foreign agent
-Is transferable from one host to another
-Is remembered when a foreign agent returns a second time
Neither B lymphocytes nor T lymphocytes are able by themselves to respond to foreign antigen.
To undergo further division, they must at some point receive another signal to proliferate
(divide). They get this signal from what type of cells? (see Figures 10.17, 10.18) Help T Cells
Preparing Your Immune System: The Preemptive Strike
When a vaccine is given to a person with a healthy immune system, what is the long-term result?
Your body has built up an: Immunity; memory lymphocytes are built up and easily attack next
time
Vaccination works because our immune system is able to “_ _” the same foreign entity remember
if we are re-infected with it.
10.5 The Human Digestive System
For these five digestive system organs: stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large
intestine, list their principle function(s).
-Stomach – receives, temporarily stores, and digests food; hydrochloric acid and the
enzyme pepsin work to degrade protein structure here
-Liver – takes care of blood; processes and stores glycogen, decomposes old red blood
cells, synthesizes blood plasma proteins and hormones, it also detoxifies man toxins and
drugs
-Pancreas – generates degradative enzymes, secretes insulin and glucagon
-Small intestine – digestion and absorption; mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, and
nutrient absorption
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-Large intestine – vitamin absorption; receives indigestible chyme residues from the small
intestine; water re-absorption and some vitamin absorption occur here
The role of the hepatic portal system is to help the _ _ (organ) to control nutrient levels in liver
your circulatory system.
The hepatic portal vein forms from capillary beds in _ __ and leads to a second set of intestines
capillary beds in _ _. See Figure 10.22.liver
10.6 The Human Urinary System
What is the principle function of the ureter? Duct in the urinary system that carries urine from
the kidney to the bladder
What is the principle function of the urethra? Duct from bladder to exterior for urine excretion
The urinary bladder? Holding place for urine
List three separate, related functions of the kidney. A) _ __ in the glomerular Filter blood
capillaries, b) tubular _ _ of water and small dissolved substances backreabsorb what body needs
in the bloodstream, c) _ __ of waste molecules in the distal tubule.Secretion
10.7 Neurons at Work
Neuron Structure and Function
Which structural feature of a human neuron uniquely and perfectly fits it for its signal-carrying
role? Impressive length
A neuron is a specialized cell that consists of three regions structurally. What are they?
-Recceptors
-Integraters
-Effectors
Which type of neuron receives a stimulus, carries it toward the brain and spinal cord and thus
transmits it to the central nervous system? see Figure 10.29 Receptors
Nervous Reflexes
List in the correct order the separate structures through which a signal moves in a “simple” reflex
arc? Find the four named structures in Figure 10.30 (by following the black lines).
-Receptor
-Sensory neuron
-Integration center
-Motor neuron
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-Effector
What kind of neuron is not a required element of the simple reflex arc? (even though it is
distantly connected to the reflex arc as represented and described in Figure 10.30) Integrating
neuron
10.8 The Human Nervous System
What are the two main sections of the human nervous system? See Figure 10.31 a.
-Central Nervous System
-Peripheral nervous system
The efferent or motor branch of the peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the _ _ somatic
(voluntary) and _ _ (involuntary) nervous systems.autonomic
The Central Nervous System
For the following brain regions, list each one’s principle functional role: cerebrum, cerebellum,
medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus.
-Cerebrum – large, bihemispheric region of the vertebrate brain that in humans functions
in learning, voluntary movement, and sensory interpretation
-Cerebellum – derivative of the metencephalic region of the embryonic brain; functions in
muscle coordination, tone, and balance
-Medulla – portion of the brain closest to the spinal cord; functions as control involuntary
processes such as heart rate and breathing intensity
-Hypothalmus – control center in forebrain that regulates body temperature and responses
to hunger and thirst; generates pituitary hormones
-Thalamus – a coordinating center of the brain that routes sensory inputs to areas of the
cerebrum devoted to generating motor responses
Which structure within the brain has the role of generating emotions? Limbic system
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial and spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system serve both _ __ and _ _ sensory motor
functions carrying impulses to and from the body parts.
Distinguish, in general terms, the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
(branches) of the ANS (autonomic nervous system). (Review the final paragraph of this
subsection.) controls involuntary processes under stress; processes under rest
The Nervous System is Internally Integrated
The nervous system interacts with the _ __ system to coordinate the internal integration endocrine
of all the other body systems together.
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Which systems of the body interact with the peripheral nervous system? See Figure 10.38.
Digestive, respiratory, circulatory, urinary
10.9 Drugs and the Nervous System
Caffeine: Catalyst of the Technological Revolution
Caffeine affects synapses by binding to _ _ receptors without activating them. See membrane
Figure 10.40
Fluoxetine Hydrochloride: Chemical Joy
Fluoxetine HCl affects synapses by inhibiting re-uptake of _seretonin’s__ by its transporter
proteins. See Figure 10.41
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