Week 1: Online Video Notes & Important Info
Chapter 8: Glycolysis
oGLUT Transporters
oGLUT 1= in RBCs and BBB regions but in muscles; uptake from blood
oGLUT 2= in liver, kidney, pancreas cells (when blood glucose levels are high or
low). Helps with rapid uptake and release of glucose
oGLUT 3= in neurons; uptake from blood
oGLUT 4= in muscles and adipose tissue ( with insulin-insulin stimulated)
oGLUT 5=in small intestine and testes. Specifically, fructose and not glucose.
oSGLT= active uptake of glucose against the concentration gradient through Na/K
transport. In epithelial cells of the intestine and kidney
oIrreversible Reactions
o Glucose to G6p
Hexokinase
oFructose 6-P to Fructose 1,6 biphosphate (which is also rate limited)
PFK-1
oPhosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate
Pyruvate kinase
Chapter 9: TCA Cycle
oIrreversible Reactions
oAcetyl-CoA production
PDC Complex
oA-CoA to citrate
Citrate Synthase
oIsocitrate to -keto (which is also rate limited)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
oRegulation by citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and -keto dehydrogenase
Chapter 10: Gluconeogenesis
oNO ATP PRODUCED
oNeeds glycerol, lactate, and amino acids
oLactate from RBCs and exercising muscles that lead to pyruvate
oGlycerol from adipocytes that lead to G3P
oAmino acids in muscles that lead to fumarate in the TCA cycle
oCircumvents the irreversible reactions of glycolysis
Week 1: Online Video Notes & Important Info
oTissue response to insulin.
Chapter 11: Glycogenesis and Glycogenic degradation
oGlycogen metabolism occurs mainly in the liver and muscle and also in the cytosol.
oRequires UTP
oIn a well-fed state
oIngestion of glucose which blood glucose insulin protein glucagon
phosphatase activity
glycogen synthase glycogen phosphorylase leads to conversion of
glycogen to glucose SO more glycogen stored
ATP, G6P, Glucose inhibits glycogen phosphorylase
AMP promotes glycogen phosphorylase
Fasting state
ingestion of food blood glucose release of insulin release. of
glucagon protein kinase activity
glycogen synthase glycogen phosphorylase conversion of
Glycogen to glucose
“Blood
eecreton
1S
infipsted
by
¥
|
Epinephrine
Glucose
uptake
Synthesis
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Fat
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|
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Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis
_
|
Lipolysis
al!
mediated
by
Activation
of
the
insulin
receptor
which
leads
to
Activation
of
receptor
tyrosine
kinase
activit
which
leads
to
also
cause
Phosphorylation
of
insulin
receptor
and
IRS
which
leads
to
Cascade
of
cell-
signaling
which
leads
to
Phosphorylation
nd
a
hosphorylation
os
von
proteins
Altered
gene
expression
————
Glucagon
"
causes
A
bare
Glycogenotysis
Gluconeogenesis.
Secroted
by
Fatty
acid
oxidation
+
Ketogencsis
@
Colle
of
the
Uptake
of
amina
Pancreas
acids
Secretion
is
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Glycogenesis
\
aouiatel
by
=
all
mediated
by
Acilvation
of
the
glucagon
receptor
which
leads
to
Secretion
is
inhibited
by
Activation
of
adenylate
cyclase
whieh
leads
ta
Activation
of
protein
kinases
which
leads
to
Phosphorylation
of
target
proteins
Week 1: Online Video Notes & Important Info
Chapter 23: Metabolic Effects of Insulin and Glucagon
