Aesthetics : It is a science that studies beauty, aesthetics, and the creation of beauty based on people's aesthetic relationship to reality and takes art as its
main object.
Aesthetic education : In a narrow sense, it is to educate people through artistic means; in a broad sense, it is to use all forms of beauty in nature, social life,
material products and spiritual products to educate people imperceptibly , so as to beautify people's minds, behaviors, language, and body, and improve
people's morality and wisdom.
The tasks of aesthetics are : 1. To deepen our existing knowledge of art and regard aesthetics as meta-criticism. 2. To improve our aesthetic literacy. 3. To
guide us to create beauty in practice, beautify the living environment of human beings and beautify life. 4. To enhance the consciousness of aesthetic
education.
Three meanings of beauty : 1. It is a strong form of expressing sensory pleasure. 2. It is a weak form of ethical judgment. 3. It refers specifically to aesthetic
objects.
What is beauty ? 1. Beauty is in form. Beauty is not in the mind, but in objective things, in the form and attributes of the things themselves. (Pythagorean
School of Ancient Greece ) 2. Beauty is in ideas. Considering spiritual phenomena as objective entities, this objective spiritual entity is the origin of all things
and also the origin of beauty. (Plato of Ancient Greece) 3. Beauty is in subjectivity. Considering spiritual phenomena as the result of subjective
psychological activities, we try to seek the explanation of beauty from people's psychology - feelings, emotions, imagination, reason, etc. (British
philosopher Hume) 4. Beauty is in life. Whether a thing is beautiful or not is not determined by the thing itself, but by the meaning it shows after it has a
relationship with social life. (Chernyshevsky of Russia) 5. Beauty is in relationships. Beauty is the objective relationship of things , which begins, grows,
changes, declines and disappears with the relationship. ( Diderot of France )
Why is beauty so difficult to understand ? 1. Because of the complexity and diversity of beautiful things. 2. Beauty requires confirmation from aesthetic
feeling, but aesthetic feeling is accidental and relative. 3. The essentialism of beauty is full of ambiguities. Beauty in the present: 1. The aesthetic tendency
of advertising. 2. The increasing commercialization of the art field.
Human beauty can be divided into three categories from the outside to the inside : physical beauty, behavioral beauty, and personality beauty.
Human body beauty : refers to the beauty that comes from a person’s facial features, body posture, and the grace and demeanor produced during human
activities.
How do people view the beauty of the human body : 1. From hero worship to idol worship. 2. Towards human economics. The popularity of human①
photography The rise of human body painting The popularity of human performance and human performance art② ③
Behavioral beauty : refers to the beauty of people's behavior in daily interactions , including the beauty of language and action. Characteristics of behavioral
beauty : 1. Standardization 2. Sense of proportion 3. Habituality - "second nature"
Natural beauty : one refers to the beauty of things or phenomena in the objective natural world and even the entire universe, in which case "nature" serves
as a noun; the other refers to the aesthetic style that advocates nature and pursues true colors, that is, the beauty of " lotus emerging from clear water ,
naturally without any decoration", in which case "nature" serves as an adjective.
The Chinese people's appreciation of the beauty of the world and mountains and rivers has three stages : 1. Practical stage 2. Pre-Qin "Bi De" stage 3.
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties "Chang Shen" stage
Forms of natural beauty : 1. Original natural beauty (unprocessed) 2. Natural beauty combined with cultural landscape A scenic spot made famous by①
artificial construction A scenic spot made famous by cultural facilities A scenic spot made famous by myths and legends, poems by celebrities , cliff② ③
carvings 3. Natural beauty in works of art
Characteristics of natural beauty : 1. The form is dominant, and its content (emotion) is vague, ambiguous, and uncertain 2. Natural objects have variable
forms due to the changing conditions of time and space 3. Some natural objects have both beauty and ugliness due to their multiple relationships with
humans
Why does the duality of beauty and ugliness in natural things come about ? It is because its external form intersects with human interests. If the form is
related to the side that is beneficial to people, or at least harmless to people, natural things are beautiful. If the form is related to the side that is harmful to
people, natural things are ugly. In short, the duality of beauty and ugliness is the result of the intersection of the natural attributes of natural things (which
determine the external form) and social attributes .
Art : refers to the activity of creating and appreciating works of art. It includes three links: writers (artists), artworks, and the public.
The West calls aesthetics "philosophy of art", which is both one-sided and reasonable . One-sidedness: because it ignores natural beauty and social
beauty. Reasonableness: 1. Art is the most frequent and
The most representative way 2. Artistic beauty best represents people’s aesthetic ideals
Artwork : 1. Artwork is a man-made product rather than a natural object 2. Artwork is a "meaningful form"
Artistic beauty : 1. The beauty of reality reflected by art 2. The artist's reflection on real life 3. The artist's pursuit of life ideals in the process of artistic
creation 4. The beauty of skills and form in artistic communication
Characteristics of artistic beauty : 1. Individual originality 2. Virtual expressiveness 3. Permanence of physical state 4. Sustainability
Interesting phenomena in art reception : 1. With the development of the times, works of art can be neglected for a long time, and then their true value is
gradually recognized by people. 2. Readers can go against the author's wishes and give the work a meaning that has never existed according to their own
understanding.
The conditions for transforming the ugliness of reality into the beauty of art : 1. The writer must have a noble aesthetic ideal, and through the writer's
aesthetic ideal, give a negative evaluation to the ugliness of life. All ugly phenomena can become a contrast to the artist's aesthetic ideal. 2. Ugly things
also achieve formal beauty and technical beauty in the process of communication.
There are two ways to transform the ugliness of reality into the beauty of art : 1. Using ugliness to set off beauty 2. Finding beauty in ugliness Artistic beauty
includes : architectural art, sculpture art, and painting art
Characteristics of architectural art : 1. Practicality, stability and beauty are the three elements of architectural art 2. Architectural art embodies the perfect
combination of technology and art 3. Architectural art conforms to aesthetic principles: A. Architecture is solidified music B. Harmonious beauty between
architecture and environment
Characteristics of sculpture art : 1. Simplicity of image 2. Generality of expression 3. Integrity of structure 4. Static movement and dynamic tranquility
Characteristics of painting art1 . Using two-dimensional space to express three-dimensional objects and scenes2 . Lines, colors, and composition are the
special language of painting art3 . Using stillness to show movement, and movement in stillness
Grace : It is a form of beauty, a beauty manifested by the harmonious unity of the subject and object of practice. Its most fundamental aesthetic
characteristic is harmony, which is often prominently manifested as purposefulness.
The perfect fusion of the ideal and the perfection of the lawful class is reflected in the unified relationship between the content and form of the beautiful
object.
Beautiful content and harmonious unity of form
Beautiful objects are easy to grasp in aesthetics and practice
Characteristics of beauty : relaxation, comfort, and joy
Sublime : It is a form of beauty . Sublime objects are aesthetic objects characterized by severe conflicts. Their outward characteristics are that the real
object overwhelms the practical subject, but their essence lies in the fact that the suppressed time subject fully stimulates the essential power of human
beings and in turn conquers and masters the object. Sublime is not the static beauty of the harmonious unity of subject and object, but the dynamic beauty
of the two sides tending to unity in opposition and conflict .
Definition of the sublime : 1. Sublime things are not only magnificent, strange, and thrilling, but also terrifying. 2. The sublime is caused by human
physiological instincts.
Sublime things should have the following characteristics : 1. Infinity of form 2. Two types of sublime Sublime in quantity A. Huge volume and infinite area①
B. Infinite time or space Sublime in power Shanzhai culture : The word "shanzhai" comes from Cantonese. It is an industrial phenomenon initiated by folk②
IT forces, which is mainly manifested in imitation, rapidity and popularization.
Shanzhai culture is a general term for various Shanzhai phenomena derived from Shanzhai manufacturing, and its characteristics are grassroots and
popularization.
Shanzhai incidents : 1. Shanzhai news 2. Shanzhai "Olympic Torch Relay" 3. Shanzhai "Speaking from the Heart " 4. Shanzhai TV series 5. Shanzhai
"Lecture Room" 6. Shanzhai celebrities
Comedy: A type of drama that generally uses exaggeration, clever structure, humorous lines and the portrayal of comic characters to make people laugh at
the ugly and funny, and to criticize the serious.
Normal life and beautiful ideals are affirmed.
The Nature of Happiness : Ugly
How does comedy negate ugliness ? The most common method is to suddenly reveal the contradictions in human behavior.
Contradictions in human behavior : 1. Inconsistency between status and identity 2. Inconsistency between purpose and means 3. Contradiction between
logical premise and conclusion
The beauty of comedy - how does laughter come about? 1. (British) Hobbes: "The emotion of laughter is nothing more than the sudden sense of glory when
one discovers the weaknesses of others or oneself in the past, and suddenly thinks of one's own superiority. 2. (German) Kant: "The sudden disappearance
of expectation" 3. (French) Bergson: The mechanization of anger
Types of comedy : 1. Strong form - satire, sarcasm, black humor 2. Light form - humor 3. Weak form - wit and humor
Sadness : It can also be called tragedy or tragic nature . Its aesthetic characteristics are manifested as a process in which the contradictory struggle
between subject and object tends to be unified, that is, the practical subject that embodies the essential power of human beings is temporarily denied but
finally affirmed, and the practical subject that represents the direction of historical development is temporarily frustrated but will eventually win.
Tragedy : It is a kind of aesthetic form in which the conflict caused by the contradiction between life and reality in the practice of human existence makes
people experience the courage to struggle and the power of ideal pursuit in the conflict and destruction of valuable things in social history, thereby
stimulating people's emotions such as the power of existence, struggle, and courage.
Aesthetic characteristics of "sorrow" : 1. Sorrow belongs to the failed social sublime 2. Sorrow contains inevitable conflicts 3. Characteristics of tragic feeling
- joy Purification theory: It is believed that tragedy has a role similar to religion Catharsis theory: It is believed that tragedy has a role similar to① ②
medicine Regulation theory: It is believed that emotional needs should be moderate, and insufficiency or excess is not good③
Aesthetic activity : It is a practical activity unique to people in society. It includes the feeling, experience and evaluation of beauty, as well as people's
aesthetic creation - the creation of real beauty and artistic beauty.
It can also include people's aesthetic education activities, that is, to reshape their own personality through aesthetics.
Why are aesthetic activities unique to social people ? 1. Aesthetic activities are not simply biological phenomena 2. In aesthetic activities, beauty needs to
be shared by social people 3. Aesthetic activities continue to develop with social development
4. The social nature of aesthetic activities can also be seen from the etymology of the Chinese character .
The historical changes of aesthetic activities are manifested in : 1. The increasing expansion of the aesthetic scope 2. The changes and replacement of
aesthetic tastes
Aesthetic feeling : There are broad and narrow senses . The broad sense of aesthetic feeling, also known as aesthetic consciousness, refers to the various
forms of consciousness of the aesthetic subject to discover and evaluate beauty. It includes aesthetic feelings and the aesthetic taste, aesthetic ability,
aesthetic requirements, aesthetic ideals, aesthetic concepts, etc. formed on the basis of aesthetic feelings. The narrow sense of aesthetic feeling, also
known as aesthetic feeling, refers to the specific feelings of the aesthetic subject towards a certain aesthetic object that objectively exists at that time and
place.
Aesthetic taste : refers to the subject's orientation towards the aesthetic object or certain aspects of the object and the social commonality of the choice of
aesthetic taste: 1. Commonality of the times 2. Commonality of the nation 3. Commonality of the class
Aesthetic experience : refers to the subject 's introspection and reflection on his or her own emotional attitude while generating aesthetic feelings,
repeatedly pondering and chewing on them. Aesthetic ideal : refers to the subject's pursuit and yearning for beautiful things and beautiful realms that are
hanging in the mind and yet to be realized.
Aesthetic viewpoint : refers to the aesthetic theoretical viewpoint that guides and controls the subject's aesthetic appreciation
The difference between aesthetic ideal and aesthetic viewpoint : although aesthetic ideal also has rational elements, it is a rational demand in the form of
sensibility, while aesthetic viewpoint is free from sensibility.
It is expressed in the form of aesthetic images, while aesthetic viewpoints are expressed in the form of concepts and theories.
The inevitability and rationality of Fechner's modern turn in aesthetics : 1. Beauty needs to be confirmed through aesthetic feeling 2. Aesthetic research can
provide rules for art criticism 3. Aesthetic education is based on the study of aesthetic experience
Characteristics of beauty (aesthetic feeling) : 1. Non-utilitarian 2. Non-conceptual 3. Beauty is a spiritual pleasure based on sensory pleasure. The most
fundamental characteristic of beauty is the feeling of freedom.
The difference between aesthetic feeling and physical pleasure : 1. Physical pleasure is private, while aesthetic feeling is socially shared and requires
universal social recognition. 2. Physical pleasure is limited to the physical field, while aesthetic feeling goes from sensory pleasure to spiritual satisfaction
and pleasure. 3. Physical pleasure lasts for a short time and is easily satisfied, while aesthetic feeling makes people feel pleasure for a long time, and there
will be new discoveries and new experiences in every viewing .
Aesthetic judgment : that is, the acquisition of beauty, which is a special way for the subject to judge the aesthetic value of the aesthetic object
Aesthetic object : also known as aesthetic object, corresponding to the aesthetic subject, refers to the objective object that can arouse people's aesthetic
feeling.
The conditions for aesthetic subjects : 1. Have a sound socialized aesthetic sense, which mainly refers to the eyes that can appreciate the beauty of form
and the ears that can feel the beauty of music 2. Have the necessary aesthetic qualities, including knowledge reserves, cultural education and life
experience 3. Have a certain aesthetic state of mind 4. Have a progressive aesthetic viewpoint
The psychological differences between Chinese and Western cultures are greatly reflected in: the way of thinking, the way of looking at things, and the way
of behavior
The psychological process of aesthetic feeling : (I ) Psychological preparation for aesthetic feeling - the establishment of conscious aesthetic attitude 1.
Daily attitude: a practical attitude, looking at things from this perspective, starting from people's daily practical needs. 2. Aesthetic attitude: a peaceful
psychological state suitable for accepting the appearance of an object, which makes the subject focus on the form and structure of the object. ( II ) The
realization stage of aesthetic feeling - the communication and unity between the object and the self 1. Form perception 2. Sympathy between the object and
the self 3. Unity of the object and the self (III) The effect stage of aesthetic feeling
Psychological elements of beauty: 1. Perception 2. Imagination 3. Emotion 4. Understanding
There are two types of aesthetic understanding : 1. Preconditional understanding Conscious aesthetic attitude Relevant life experience Necessary① ② ③
appreciation experience 2. Integrative understanding
Aesthetic emotions are different from everyday emotions : 1. Aesthetic emotions are purified emotions 2. Aesthetic emotions are reflective emotions.
Everyday emotions are one-time and cannot be analyzed or reflected upon. Once reflected upon, they completely disappear.
Emotion plays an important driving role in aesthetic activities, which is manifested in : 1. Penetrating into perception, promoting imagination, and deepening
understanding 2. The magnetic effect in the structure of imagination
The role and characteristics of sensation in aesthetics : 1. Passivity 2. Interaction and simultaneous contrast of sensations
Characteristics of aesthetic perception : 1. Full of emotional color 2. Subjective selectivity 3. Virtual imagination is divided into : 1. Simple association 2.
Reshaping imagination 3. Creative imagination
1. Give examples and talk about your views on the phenomenon of copycat culture in recent years.
Shanzhai culture is a phenomenon that imitates the appearance or function of mainstream brand products at a very low cost , innovates, and eventually
surpasses the product in terms of appearance, function, price, etc. Its main characteristics are imitation, rapidity, and popularization. With the large-scale
conquest of "shanzhai mobile phones", the word "shanzhai" has gradually become well-known. However, nowadays, the word "shanzhai" is no longer
limited to "shanzhai mobile phones": "shanzhai movies" , "shanzhai T- shirts", and even the Spring Festival Gala have appeared in shanzhai versions, and
even "shanzhai stars" have emerged, giving rise to "shanzhai culture" .
When a phenomenon is added with the word "culture", its actual meaning has long been covered. It has become a habit for people. Although there are
great differences in the current social understanding, from the market perspective, its survival does not lack sufficient soil. For example, Shanzhai mobile
phones. In today's era where brands and high-end are important, buying a decent mobile phone costs at least a thousand yuan. If you don't have a few big
bills in your pocket, you dare not act rashly. After all, the rich are a minority, and many young people who only earn one or two thousand yuan a month to
keep up with the trend have to weigh their own financial strength. They want to follow the trend, but they must spend less money. "Shanzhai" products
naturally become their consumption choice. The functions and appearance look quite fierce at first glance, which is more than enough to satisfy their vanity.
It can be said that the Shanzhai image represents more of the consumption needs of " grassroots " .
The existence of Shanzhai culture has many positive factors for social progress and development. Under the guidance of the " Scientific Outlook on
Development " , we should eliminate some dross, adopt an inclusive mind, and critically absorb and accept the Shanzhai culture phenomenon. Completely
praising a culture is not a scientific attitude and thinking towards culture, but a manifestation of self-satisfaction and ignorance. Completely banning and
denying a culture is not a dialectical understanding and analysis of culture, but a mechanistic subjective consciousness.
2. How do you view the current development of tragedy?
Today is an age of entertainment , so even tragedy is labeled as "entertainment". Compared with the tragedies of the elite minority, we see more self-
deprecating "tragedies" performed by the grassroots of society . When people are unable to resolve the frustrations and sufferings in the real world, there
appear tragedies of small people who can put their own lives into their lives. And these tragedies most often appear in a humorous and mocking form.
Compared with the national hatred and family feuds in a specific historical period, the tragedy of this era seems to be closer to life. Compared with people's
enthusiasm for bitter dramas in previous years, the clichéd tragic TV and film works can no longer resonate with people. People are more focused on the
real world. For example, college students posted online before the exam: I didn't review at all, "tragedy "! The middle and low-income people ridiculed
themselves: I can't afford to buy a house, my mother-in-law is not up to standard, tragedy, etc. Compared with being silent and melancholy in tragedy, more
people chose to express their anger in self-mockery or "roaring style" . While relieving their own pressure, they can make you laugh, turn "tragedy" and
"tableware" into "washing utensils" , turn negative emotions into positive emotions, and pursue an instant pleasure of "enjoying the present moment".
Although these tragedies of small characters do not have a shocking educational effect, they are also thought-provoking, making people think about a
series of practical problems such as exam-oriented education and difficulties in buying a house . Although there are no major actual conflicts, they also
deeply reflect the social reality hidden behind the tragedy and also have the function of exposing social contradictions.
But behind such ridicule, what should not be ignored is people's escape from real problems. Today's tragedy is no longer a tragedy in the traditional sense.
Facing various "tragedies" in society , in addition to self-ridicule, we should rationally analyze objective contradictions, face our own subjective reasons, find
a direction for breakthrough, turn tragedy into positive power, and eliminate the tragedy points in ourselves. Through hard study and work, we can improve
our own value, strive to cross from the "cup" camp to the "washing utensils" camp, challenge our potential, and realize our life ideals.
