Analysis and Conclusion on Gender Violence Research Paper
WST 477 - Gender and Violence
Arizona State University
June 5, 2025
Analysis
In 1993, the Canadian Panel on violence against Women coined one of the
greatest statements on violence and intimidation against women. To this
panel, violence against women in the society draws inspiration from
inequality structures in the patriarchal nature of many societies. Therefore,
developing a sustainable solution to this ill depends on the ability of
leading elites to develop adequate equality and equity structures between
men and women in the society. Until then, gender violence will remain
elusive.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
In the Eastern Europe’s case, there exists a link to detach to gender
violence against women in the post war error from the real drivers of the
vice (Hepburn and Simon 57). More emphasis seems to get diversion
towards the structural rooting of violence in the society. During and after
the war, women suffered in the hands of men as sex pets, and commercial
sex workers.
Much focused aimed at clearing men of the vices committed rather than
seeking justice for the women in question. The root driver of this school of
thought draws inspiration from the conservative societies that believe
women lack equal position in the society and should play a subordinate
role to men.
Understanding Structural Roots of Gender Violence
In similarity to the universality and pervasiveness of conflicts and wars,
gender violence spreads out across geographical, cultural, social, and
ethnic borders. Even though the international community and human right
watchdogs continue to play a vital role in fighting gender violence, the
intensity of its persistence remains high (Andrijasevic 42).
Gender violence across these boundaries harbors relatively similarly
consequences and trends with women as the major casualties. Such an
observation, based on the historical manifestations of violence, draws
inspiration from the socio-economic and political contexts within which
women exist. Social stratification and male-dominated societies produce
these gender discrimination tendencies within class, caste, and patriarchal
social relations in which male individuals enjoy super power over female
counterparts.
Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical
injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial
sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social
and psychological damage to the vulnerable women during and after the
wars.
In the Bosnia and Serbia conflict, women used as sex slave remained in
psychological trauma giving up their desire to fight for dignity and self-
esteem. This violence, coupled with the embedment social gender
stratification normalized the violence leading to loss of dignity in women
(Gallagher 72).
Consequences of Structural Violence
In war and post war economies, women and children often represent the
casualties. The consequences of war on women are far reaching ranging
from physical injury to psychological traumatic situations (Wilson,
Friedman, and Lindy 91).
Since inequality sustained the during the fall of Soviet Union and the
Bosnian-Serbian conflict, the cumulative impacts of these conflicts
stemmed inequality within the society with women. Denial of fundamental
human rights and exploitation of sex values in women remained the great
drivers of violence during these two conflicts.
Violence set up within societies with conservative opinions about the roles
of women presented great impact on the women suffrage especially in
mental, sexual, and reproductive health (Dudley, Silove, and Gale 33).
Forced sex led to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections.
The worst part of this violence occurs during the pregnancy stages of a
victim with injuries on fetus and infants. Fatal situations during this war
caused miscarriage among women leading trauma and other mental health
problems such as depression, fear, anxiety, and obsessive behaviors.
Human Trafficking and Displacement
According to statistics at the United Nations, conservative estimates
indicate that more than two million people are victims of human
trafficking. Among the casualties of the vice are migrants and refugees.
War refugees and other individual fleeing their countries for safety often
land in the hands of greedy and egocentric individual ready to earn some
money from the desperate state of the affected individuals. Women and
children represent the social groups suffering from this vice. Soldiers and
other corrupt security officers in the immigration and security sectors act
as the ambassador of human trafficking (Downe 65).
At the United Nations, data on human on human trafficking indicate that
sexual exploitation of women and young girls from war torn regions are
high. According to the Norwegian discourse on the sex purchase law,
human trafficking becomes rampant in areas of war in which gender and
social structures in which women serve as subordinates to their male
counterparts in the society.
Dang and Suphang (77), in their analysis of wartime sexual violence argue
that sexual orientation in the society plays a role in in human displacement
and sexual abuse of women. In the piece, they maintain that in societies
with conservative opinions about the role of women in relation to those of
the male counterparts, stands high chances of women and girl child
exploitation in times of war compared to societies with relative equality
between the two genders. During the fall of Soviet Union and the post-
integration conflicts, women and girl in the region suffered not only
physical and emotional problems, but also trans-locational effects.
Several young girls and women, on the run for safety, landed on the hand
of human trafficking leading to more damage.it is also important to note
that women and girls presented the highest number of casualties of the
refugees in the Bosnian war with Serbia.
The role of men in the military and the militia groups partly explains the
gender distribution in many refugee camps. In a setting where women and
girls congest a given refugee camps, limited resources cause a state of
disparity. For this reason, women become desperate to earn a living from
any activity. For this reason, human trafficking often takes an easy course
as some women willingly move into the activity for the sake of leaving a
congested camp (Yakushko 173).
In the wake of globalization and technological advancements, the demands
for resources continue to rise. Several conflicts over natural resources and
other factor arise across the world forcing a large number of people into
displacement. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number
of refugee camps. As communism ended, the demand for control of
resources to serve the rising independent states set precedence for
increased number of conflicts (Tepfenhart 89).
Several countries broke out together but disintegrated due to lack of
agreement over control of resources. As the number of international
conflicts increased, several vices occur within the displacement facets of
the affected populations. With little disregard to the plight of the displaced
refugees, there exists a disconnect between the human rights group
striving to serve and rehabilitate the depressed refugees and the
unscrupulous soldiers and other institutional officials seeking to earn few
bucks from the desperate situations of the refugees.
In the Bosnia war with Serbia, several women displaced from their original
homes based on ethnicity and violence got refuge in the camps under
military protection. In such camps, some soldiers not only subjected them
to sexual exploitation but also engaged in further displaced through human
trafficking. The trauma resulting from loss of family during war and conflict
coupled with the separation of women from their cultures offered a
prerequisite for trauma and depression (Tepfenhart 93).
Women Trends in War
In the history development of wars, women and girls as casualties stand
out as one of the uniform phenomenon. Smock (23) in her analysis of the
plight women and young girls argue that media, and political leaders
continue to unravel the relatively quiet and unexplored tragic stories of
rape during wars. Even though rape exists in the society with or without
wars, in the war context it takes a relatively traumatic course as victims
often suffer without any legal proceedings against the perpetrators.
Apart from the absence of judicial proceedings against the perpetrators of
this vice, nepotism, favoritism, and tribalism sets out as a factor of rape
and sex slavery in many war camps (Downie 63). Women in each society
have a culture and way of life. In the war camps the war camps, things
change. It remains a norm for women to play subordinate roles to the
soldiers and serve as slaves.
Women with relatively masculine and stronger genes get better treatment
and service in order to sire children with abilities to serve in the military.
Women with weak and unwanted traits on the other hand act as sex pets
and customers to the human trafficking syndicate with the camps.
In the Bosnia-Serbian war, there existed not only rape but also forced
reproduction of perpetrators genes to eliminate the genes considered
inferior in the society (Kourvetaris 163). Despite the biological believes and
facts about children being a balance of the genes from the biological
parents, the Serbian perpetrators of rape and gender violence in this war
believed that the genes from the perpetrators dominated the child’s
biological characteristics. The Serbians therefore, in their superiority
complex’ war with the Bosnians, exploited this fact on Muslim women in
the war camps with the aim of cleansing the inferior Muslim minority.
In the refugee camps during this war, the Serbian soldiers raped and
abused women refugees until death or conception. The victims who
conceived were further concentrated in the camps to ensure zero abortion
procurement (Marchak 16). Through these inhumane acts, the Serbian
soldiers aimed at increasing their ethnicity and eliminating the Bosnians.
On the Bosnian side, more than two thousand women from the Serbian
communities underwent the same activities during the war (Vlachova and
Biason 63).
Sexual objectification theory remains evident in this explanation of rape
and ethnic cleansing in the refugee camps during the Bosnia-Serbia war.
Evidence show that soldiers from both camps used the women as an object
of developing a new and superior identity irrespective of the traumatic
problems the women went through.
As objects of developing a new and superior identity, the soldiers raped,
maimed, and in some cases killed women who failed to conceive. As
described the objectification theory that sees women as objects and means
to an end for the male in the society, the Bosnia-Serbian war presents a
great example in which this theory stands out as the leading school of
thought especially among the soldiers (Fairchild and Rudman 347).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Structural rooting of gender violence in the society plays a vital role in the
culture and bearing of women roles in the society. In order to develop a
society devoid of gender violence, the change towards equality and equity
among the gender remains overdue.
Gender empowering and creation of social cultures that appreciate the
role and differences in the gender act as a basis for stemming out gender
violence (Bronstein 71). In times of war and conflict, human rights and
social activists need highly developed systems of monitoring the military
activities taking place in the refugee camps to ensure protection of women
and vulnerable person living in the camps.
Structural and cultural violence towards women remains evident in many
societies. Inequalities and discrimination against women in the education,
employment, and leadership opportunities presents an ample
environment increased violence and gender disparities. Given the
patriarchal nature of many societies, there is need for sensitized women
focused development to stem out the culture of discrimination.
Developing and in depth understanding of the root drivers of gender and
violence against women offer the opportunities for unmasking the
gruesome patriarchal structures which encourage women victimization
(Schumacher and Slep 235). In the objectification theory, scholars need to
develop adequate points against such a school of thought and encourage
women to embrace their dignity and live in equality with the male
counterparts. Offering women equal opportunities with the male
counterparts improves their abilities to withstand violence and the
traumatic problems associated with war and effects of war.
In the social empowerment and capacity building perspective, women
need to develop sustainable income earning activities to reduce
overdependence on their male counterparts. Economic independence
offers basis for social independence thus reducing vulnerability of women
during war (Smolak and Murnen 510).
As some organization and international non-governmental organization
continue to develop women empowerment programs through community
groups’ investment and small business enterprises, there remains a need
for improved funding of women empowerment initiates to reduce the level
of women dependency on male earnings.
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