PROGRESS OF CIVILIZATION DURING THE PERIOD OF RASHIDIN
KHULAFAUR
The first thing that came to his attention when he was appointed caliph was the
realization of the prophet's wish that was almost not fulfilled, namely sending an expedition to
the Syrian border under the leadership of Usamah. This was done to avenge the murder of his
father, Zaid, and the losses suffered by Muslims in the mu'tah war. Some of the companions
strongly opposed this plan, but the caliph did not care. In fact, the expedition was successful and
brought a positive influence to Muslims, especially in building their confidence which was almost
faded. 144 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Indeed, becoming a caliph is not as easy as we imagine.
There are so many things that Abu Bakr faces. Among them are some Arabs who are weak in faith
and actually declare apostasy. They perform riddah, which is the denial of Islam. Their attitude is
an act of treason that is against religion and the government at the same time. Subsequently, the
emergence of false prophets and the number of people who were reluctant to pay zakat because
they thought that zakat was a tax to the Prophet which was now no longer needed, because he
had passed away One of the important programs carried out by Abu Bakr was to protect and
protect the Quran after the killing of several friends who memorized the Quran in the battle of
Yamamah. At that time, Umar ibn Khattab was worried that the Qur'an would be lost from the
midst of the Muslims so he proposed to Abu Bakr to collect records of Qur'anic verses scattered
on stone slabs, date fronds, and pieces of animal skins. Abu Bakr agreed to Umar's proposal and
assigned Zaid bin Tsabit to collect the records.
According to Jalaluddin AsSuyuti, the collection of the Al Quran is one of the great
services of the caliph Abu Bakr For the welfare of Muslims, Abu Bakr made internal policies. Here
are some of its internal policies: Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 145
1. The salary for the caliph was taken from Baitul Mal in sufficient amount so that he did not have
to do other work to earn sustenance. 2. Establishing the way of deliberation as a case breaker
and appointing Umar ibn Khattab as the Shura Council. Therefore, Abu Bakr did not allow Umar
to leave Medina to lead the war. 3. Forming a sharia council that is tasked with deciding various
matters faced by Muslims. Abu Bakr also appointed Umar as Qadi for the Medina region. 4.
Sending several companions to become representatives of the caliph in several areas controlled
by the Islamic State, and other conquered areas. They are tasked with maintaining regional
security and stability, spreading Islam, waging jihad in the way of Allah, teaching Muslims about
their religion, maintaining loyalty to the calip
h, establishing prayers, upholding Islamic law, and implementing Allah's law. The
following are some of the regions under the Islamic state and the person who is trusted to be the
deputy caliph in that region: 1. Itab ibn Asid as the governor of Makkah 2. Uthman ibn Abi al-Ash
as governor of Taif 146 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA 3. Al Muhajir ibn Abi Umayyah as governor of
Shana'a 4. Ya'la ibn Umayyah as governor of Khaulan 5. Abu Musa al-Ash'ari as governor of Zabid
and Rafa' 6. Abdullah ibn Nur as governor of Jarasy 7. Muaz ibn Jabal as governor of Yemen 8. Jarir
ibn Abdillah as governor of Najran 9. Al-Ala ibn al-Khadrami as governor of Bahrain 10. Hudzaifah
al-Ghalfani as governor of Oman 11. Sulaith ibn Qais as governor of Yamamah For the issue of
the state treasury, Abu Bakr is considered the first person to make Baitul Mal the 'house of the
state treasury'. Abu Bakr had a baitul mall in Sunkhi that was not guarded by anyone. And the
financial affairs of the state were entrusted to the treasurer of the Ummah Abu Ubaidah ibn al-
Jarrah. After restoring order in the country, Abu Bakr then turned his attention to strengthening
the borders with Persia and Byzantium, which eventually led to a series of wars against the two
empires. Umar's Caliphate Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 147 The
following are some of the policies and contributions of the caliph Umar: 1. Writing the Islamic
Calendar The writing of the Islamic calendar is calculated from the migration of the Prophet
Muhammad PBUH from Makkah to Medina. 2. Establishing Baitul Mal Umar bin Khattab's
greatest contribution in running the wheel of government was the formation of a good
administrative apparatus. He established an almost impossible administrative institution in the
seventh century AD. He established a regular and permanent baitul mall in the capital, then built
a branch in the provincial capital. Abdullah bin Irqom was appointed as the administrator of the
baitul mal (the same as the minister of finance) along with Abdurrahman bin Ubaid Al-Qori and
Muayqob as his assistants. 3. Tarawih Prayer In 14 H Umar gathered mankind for congregational
tarawih prayers in the mosque. This narration is mentioned by Al-Askari in his book Al-Awail: Ibn
148 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Al-Asakir narrated from Ismail bin Ziyad he said: Ali bin Abi Tholib
passed through several mosques in the month of Ramadan. He saw that there were candles
burning in the mosques. So Ali said, "Indeed, Allah is pleased with Umar in his grave like the lights
in our mosque. 4. Punishing Khomr Drinkers
With 80x Deraan Imam An Nabawi said in his Tahdzib: Umar was the first to use cemeti
as a tool to punish people who commit transgressions. Imam An Nabawi said that: Umar's sword
is more feared than the sword. 5. Expanding the Territory of Islam at that time was so rapid,
spreading throughout Persia, from the eastern region to the western region, Palestine, Egypt, and
Syria 3. The role of Uthman bin Affan in the advancement of Islam is very large, including the
process of promulgating the holy book of the Qur'an which was carried out in 30 H / 651 AD. The
purpose of the revision of the Qur'an is to avoid the possibility of falsifying the contents of the
holy book of the Qur'an, and the Textbook of the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 149
to align Muslims with a kind of mushaf that is uniformly spelled in its writing. In addition, other
great services of the Uthman caliph were the expansion of the Prophet's mosque in Medina al-
Munawarah and the Grand Mosque in Mecca al-Mukarramah. Not only that, the caliph Uthman
also inaugurated the transfer of the port of the Hijaz region to Bandar Jeddah in 26 H/647 AD,
because the port of Hijaz was felt to be no lo
nger suitable for the shelter of the traffic of the merchant fleet The first action taken by
Uthman as caliph was to examine the case of Ubaidillah ibn Umar, the son of the caliph Umar bin
Khttab who had killed Hurmuzan (former commander of the Persian Empire) because he was
rumored to be involved in the murder of his father. Ubaidillah ibn Umar was tried and found guilty.
Ali bin Abi Talib recommended that he be sentenced to death, but the commander Amru bin Ash
put forward an opinion that read: "Umar's father has just died. Will his son be killed today?" The
opinion of Amru bin Ash made a strong impression. Caliph Uthman finally decided on the
punishment of Diyat, which is the punishment of a fine that must be paid to the victim's family.
Because the punishment of Diyat was too severe, as far as the provisions of Islamic shari'a were
concerned, while the caliph Umar died w
ithout leaving his inheritance, the caliph Uthman declared himself as the guardian of 150
|Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA of Ubaidillah ibn Umar, and paid the punishment of Diyat from his own
property. Uthman's wheels of government were essentially no different from their predecessors.
The holder of the highest power is in the hands of the caliph, the holder and executor of executive
power. The implementation of executive duties at the center is assisted by the secretary of state
and held by Marwan bin Hakam, the son of Kholifah's uncle. This position is very strategic,
because it has the authority to influence the decisions of the caliph in addition to the secretary
of state, the caliph Uthman is also assisted by tax officials, police officials, finance officials or
baitul mal. For the implementation of government administration in the regions, Kholifah Uthman
entrusted it to a governor for each region or province. At that time, the territory of the State of
Medina was divided into 10 provinces. Every Amir or governor is a deputy caliph in the region to
carry out administrative duties of the government and is responsible to the caliph because he is
appointed and dismissed by the caliph. The legislative power is held by the advisory council or
shuro assembly. This assembly provides suggestions, proposals and advice to the caliph on
important problems facing the State. However, the final decision-maker was in the hands of the
caliph Uthman bin Affan, the government lasted for 12 years. During the reign of Caliph Uthman
Textbook History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 151 is divided into two periods, namely the
Advancement period and the Decline period. In the first period of Uthman's reign there was
tremendous progress, thanks to the services of skilled and qualified commanders, with Armenia,
Tunisia, Cyhprus, Rhodes, and the remaining parts of Persia, Transoxania, and Tabaristan being
captured. In addition, he managed to form a naval fleet with his sturdy ships and repelled attacks
in the Mediterranean Sea launched by the Byzantine army with the first victory in Islamic history.
Caliph Uthman was famous as a generous caliph, he spent his wealth for the spread and honor
of Muslims. In addition to contributing war expenses with a very large amount, he also donated
his wealth to the reconstruction of the Grand Mosque (Mecca) and the Prophet's Mosque
(Medina). The greatest achievement made by the caliph Uthman was the rewriting of the Qur'an
which had begun in the time of Caliph Abu
Bakr on the initiative of the caliph Umar bin Khattab. However, the second period of
Uthman's rule was synonymous with setbacks with great chaos and chaos. Some historians
consider that Uthman practiced Nepotism. He appointed his relatives to the most important
strategic positions and the most to the dismay of other tribes and tribes. Almost all officials who
served in the era of 152 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Uthman I were fired, and then the caliph
Uthman appointed his incapable and incapable relatives as their replacements. But there are
several reasons that can prove that the caliph Uthman bin Affan is actually not nepotism.
Because the appointment of his relatives departed from the professionalism of their
performance in the field, and Uthman still punished his relatives who had been proven guilty, for
example Walid bin Uqbah, because he was proven guilty, he still received punishment. However,
indeed at the end of Uthman's leadership, the appointed governors acted arbitrarily, especially
in the economic field. They were outside the control of Uthman who was indeed old so the people
considered this as the fault of the caliph Uthm
an. 4. The Contribution of the Caliphate Ali bin Abi Talib Development in the Field of
Linguistics During the time of Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, the territory of Islam had reached the
Euphrates, Tigris, and Amu Dariyah rivers, and even to the Indus. Due to the vastness of Islamic
territory and the number of people who do not come from Arabs, many errors are found in reading
the text of the Qur'an or Hadith as a source of Islamic law. Textbook on the History of Islamic
Civilization- Introduction | 153 Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib considered that the mistake was fatal,
especially for those who would learn the teachings of Islam from its original Arabic-speaking
sources. Then Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib ordered
Abu Al-Aswad Al-Duali to compose the main points of Nahwu Science (Qawaid
Nahwiyah). With the existence of Nahwu Science which is used as a basic guideline in learning
the language of the Qur'an, people who do not come from Arab society will find it easy to read
and understand the source of Islamic teachings. Developments in the Field of Development
During the time of Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, there were positive efforts that he carried out,
especially in urban planning issues. One of the cities built is the city of Kuffah. Originally, the
construction of the city of Kuffah was intended to be political to be used as a base for the defense
of the power of Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib from various dissidents, for example Muawiyah Ibn Abi
Sufyan. However, over time the city developed into a city that was very crowded and even
became a center for the development of religious science, such as the development of Nahwu,
Tafsir, Hadith and so on. The construction of the city of Kuffah was intended as one of the ways
that Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib controlled 154 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA the Muawiyah power who
from the beginning did not want to submit to his orders. Because it is not so far from the center
of Muawiya Ibn Abi Sufyan's movement, it can be said that this city is very strategic for the
defense of the Caliph. Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 155 CHAPTER
VI Islamic Civilization during the Eastern Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 A.D.) The Eastern Umayyad
Dynasty referred to in this paper is one founded by Umayyad descendants on the Muawiyyah
initiative centered in Damascus. The setting of the forerunner of this dynasty began when Ali bin
Abi Talib was baiat as caliph to replace the position of caliph Uthman bin Affan, one of the early
policies of Ali was the expropriation of the lands and state wealth that had been distributed by
Uthman to his family and the dismissal of the g
overnors and government officials appointed by Uthman to resign, but Muawiyyah, the
governor of Syria, refused the dismissal and did not want to make Ali the caliph and even formed
a powerful group and refused to fulfill Ali's orders. He tried to avenge the death of the caliph
Uthman, or else he would have attacked the caliph's position together with the Syrian army.
Muawiyyah's insistence was finally spilled out in the Shiffin war. [1] In that battle almost the
Muawiyyah army was defeated by Ali's army, but thanks to the tactics of the Muawiyyah advisor,
Amr bin 'Ash, so that 156 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA his army raised the mushaf of the Qur'an at
the end of their spear, a sign of a call for peace. Not only did the war end with Tahkim Shiffin who
did not benefit Ali, but as a result, Ali's own camp was divided into two, namely those who
remained loyal to Ali were called Shia and those who came out were called Khawarij. Since that
event, Ali no longer mobilized his army to subdue the Muawiyyah but attacked the Khawarij
people, the last of which occurred the Nahrawan incident on 09 Shafar 38 AH, where out of 1800
Khawarij only 8 people survived so that of the eight people spread to Amman, Karman, Yemen,
Sajisman and to the Arabian Peninsula. [2] However, the Khawarij always tried to snatch the
Islamic masses from the followers of Ali, and the Muawiyyah, because they believed that the two
leaders were the source of the upheavals, they were determined to kill the two leaders, but only
Ali was killed on 20 Ramadan 40 AH at the Kuff
ah Mosque during the Fajr prayers. After Ali died, the people immediately worshipped
Hasan bin Ali as Caliph. Because he saw the many disputes among his companions and saw the
importance of friendship among the people, Hasan bin Ali made a peace agreement and handed
over the power of his government to Muawiyyah in the month of Rabiul Awal 41 H which was later
called Aam Jama'ah Textbook of the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 157 or the year
of the congregation, because the Muslims agreed to make one caliph to be their leader, namely
Muawiyyah from the Banu Umayah. [3] Departing from the handover of power by Hasan bin Ali to
the Muawiyyah Bani Umayah, this paper will discuss the revival of the government of the Eastern
Umayyad Dynasty (Damascus) as the new ruler. Starting from the history of its establishment,
the period of its reign with the progress achieved, especially the dynamics of politics, social and
economic, intellectual and religious until this dynasty collapsed. History of the Establishment of
the Umayyad Dynasty As mentioned in the introduction, the establishment of the Umayyad
Dynasty was Muawwiyah's determination to become a caliph, long after the killing of Uthman bin
Affan but was constrained by Ali as the fourth caliph because he was still there. However, Ali's
death was a golden bridge for Muawwiyah to realize his determination. Initially, there was an
attempt by Hasan bin Ali to demand revenge for his father's death and a proposal from the
community for Hasan bin Ali to replace his father, but Hasan doubted his own ability and strength
so that finally he was willing to recognize Muawiyyah as a caliph on the condition of: Muawiyyah
158 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA did not hold a grudge against the Iraqi people and was willing to
guarantee security and forgive their mistakes. The land tax of the land of Ahwaz was allocated to
Hasan and given every year, and the gift to the Banu Hashim must be more than the Banu Abdi
Sham. The decisions of the peace agreement (tahkim) were approved by Muawiyyah so that in 41
AH Muawiyyah entered the city of Kuffah to take the oath of office in front of Ali's two sons, namely
Hasan and Hussein which were witnessed by the people. This dynasty was the capital of its
government in Damascus, which since the caliph Uthman, Muawiyyah devoted all its energy to
strengthening itself and preparing the Syrian re
gion as the center of its power in the future. [4] For 91 years, this dynasty was ruled by
several caliphs, they were: 1. Muawiyyah bin Abu Sofyan 661 to 680 2. Yazid bin Muawiyyah 680
to 683 3. Muawiyyah bin Yazid 683 to 684 4. Marwan bin Hakam 684 to 685 5. Abdul Malik bin
Marwan 685 to 705 Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 159 6. Walid I
bin Abdul Malik 705 to 715 7. Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik 715 to 717 8. Umar bin Abdul Aziz 717 to
720 9. Yazid bin Abdul Malik 720 to 724 10. Hisham bin Abdul Malik 724 to 743 11. Walid II bin
Yazid II 743 to 744 12. Yazid III 744 12. Ibrahim bin Walid II 744 13. Marwan II bin Muhammad II
744 to 750[5] Among the many caliphs of the Umayyad Dynasty, only a few caliphs held positions
for a long time, namely: Muawiyyah bin Abu Sofyan, Abdul Malik bin Marwan, Walid bin Abdul
Malik, Umar bin Abdul Aziz and Hashim bin Abdul Malik The formation of the Eastern Umayah
Dynasty was thanks to the services of Muawiyyah bin Abu Sofyan, a politician, military figure,
friend of the Prophet who was trusted for 160 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA wrote a revelation, and
in the government of the caliph Umar bin Khattab, he was trusted as the governor of Syria for
almost 20 years and in the caliph Uthman bin Affa
n was also appointed as Amir al Bahr (prince of the sea) who controlled the Syrian area to
the Mediterranean Sea. [6] This track record strongly supports the Muawiyyah to gain political
hegemony from the Syrian people to design and lay the foundation of an Umayyad Dynasty based
on a rational society, so that it is solid in its political development in the future. The solidity that
Muawiyyah built for a Dynasty is supported by several factors, namely: First, strong support from
the Syrian people and the Umayyad Bani, on the one hand the Syrian society has formed a spirit
of militancy and as a formidable army under the leadership of Muawiyyah, and the Banu Umayah
is famous for being a group with capital, position and respected by the Arab community on the
other hand, so that these two variables support Muawiyyah to get stimulation and incentives as
power that has strong roots in the political and economic fields in Syria. Secondly, as an
administrator, Muawiyyah with his political policy can easily place his aides in strategic
positions, among them: 'Amar bin 'Ash, Mughirah bin Shu'bah and Ziyad bin Abihi. These three
figures have political abilities and reputations that the Textbook on the History of Islamic
Civilization- Introduction | 161 were admired by th
e Arabs. Third, Muawiyyah has the ability to be a true statesman. [7] From this factor, the
Eastern Umayyad Dynasty later became a large and influential dynasty, especially in the Arabian
Peninsula in particular and the world in general. The Eastern Umayyad Caliphs During the reign
span of about 90 years, the government of the Umayyad dynasty, which adhered to the
monarchiheridetic system, continued to develop under the rule of kings who came from the
Umayyad lineage of bin Abd Syams. See the following genealogy: Periodization of the Reign of the
Umayyad Caliphate: 1. Muawiyah I bin Abu Sufyan, 41-61 AH / 661-680 AD 2. Yazid I bin
Muawiyah, 61-64 AH / 680-683 AD 3. Muawiyah II bin Yazid, 64-65 AH / 683-684 AD 4. Marwan I
bin al-Hakam, 65-66 AH / 684-685 AD 5. Abdul-Malik bin Marwan, 66-86 AH / 685-705 AD 6. Al-
Walid I bin Abdul-Malik, 86-97 AH / 705-715 AD 7. Sulaiman bin Abdul-Malik, 97-99 AH / 715-717
AD 162 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA 8. Umar II bin Abdul-Aziz, 99-102 AH / 717-720 AD 9. Yazid II
bin Abdul-Malik, 102-106 AH / 720-724 AD 10. Hisham bin Abdul-Malik, 106-126 AH / 724-743 AD
11. Al-Walid II bin Yazid II, 126-127 AH / 743-744 AD 12. Yazid III bin al-Walid, 127 AH / 744 AD 13.
Ibrahim bin al-Walid, 127 AH / 744 AD 14. Marwan II ibn Muhammad (reigned in Harran, Jazira),
127-133 AH / 744-750 AD Of the fourteen caliphs of the Umayyad Caliphs, with various typical
leadership of each caliph, have succeeded in bringing Islam to the pinnacle of its civilization, but
there are a few caliphs who have a considerable role in the records of historians. 1. Muawiyah
bin Abu Sufyan The founder of the Umayyad dynasty was an intelligent and ingenious man, an
accomplished politician, and statesman who was able to build a great civilization through his
power politics. Although he and his family were among the last to convert to Islam, namely during
the conquest of Mecca, politically the Prophet greatly appreciated and respected them, by
guaranteeing the safety of those under the protection of Abu Sufyan during the fathu event of
Makkah. Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 163 In fact, Muawiyah was
trusted as the Prophet's secretary for the writing of the revelations of the Qur'an. Since Muawiyah
served as caliph, the country's problems have become stable, internal security is under control,
and regional expansion, which had previously been halted due to internal conflicts, has resumed.
One of its most spectacular expansions was its success in conquering North Africa entirely. Then
he also succeeded in expanding his expan
sion eastward to Khurasan, Sijistan and the countries across the Jaihun river. He ruled for
40 years, 20 years as governor and 20 years as caliph, Muawiyah died in the month of Rajab in 60
H/679 AD at the age of 77. [9] 2. Abdul Malik bin Marwan Abdul Malik was the fifth caliph of the
Umayyad Dynasty, who led in 685-705, beginning the leadership of the Umayyads from the
Marwan line. [10] Known as a zuhud, faqih and considered a scholar in Medina, he began his
political career as a leader at the age of 16 as governor of Medina, and was crowned caliph at the
age of 39 in 65 AH / 685 AD.[11] 164 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA From the beginning of his
appointment as caliph, and during the first ten years of his caliphate, Abdul Malik faced many
obstacles because the Arabs were divided into several groups with their own fanaticism so that
there were many rebellions. Abdul Malik worked hard to extinguish the flames of rebellion that
disrupted the political stability of his power. Abdul Malik was assisted by a great warlord, in the
East under the command of al-Hajjaj bin Yusuf al-Tsaqafi, and Musa bin Nushayr was in control
in the West. Abdul Malik succeeded in subduing the power of Abdullah bin Zubair, who held the
title of caliph for nine years in the Hijaz re
gion, and then succeeded in quelling rebellions in Bashrah and Kufa, as well as
throughout his vast territory, including Iraq and Persia. [12] In addition to creating political
stability and internal security, Abdul Malik also followed in the footsteps of his great predecessor,
Muawiyah, in expanding territory and power by invading Rome to capture Asia Minor and
Armenia, while at the same time sending 40,000 cavalry troops to conquer North Africa. In the
midst of his success he died in 86 AH, at the age of 60, bequeathing to his son, al-Walid, a great
unified kingdom and a textbook on the history of Islamic civilization- Introduction | 165
controlled, covering not only Islamic territories, but also newly conquered areas. During his reign,
Abdul Malik also played a major role in bequeathing the treasures of Islamic civilization and
progress, during his time a high court was established to prosecute officials who misbehaved or
acted arbitrarily against the people, replaced the official language of the state with Arabic,
strengthened the military system by building weapons factories and warships in Tunisia, and he
also became the first caliph to create his own currency. He also built the Umar Mosque or
Qubbatus Shakra' in Jerusalem, and expanded the Grand Mosque and rebuilt the Aqsa Mosque.
3. Al-Walid bin Abdul Malik Al-Walid was appointed as the 6th caliph replacing his father Abdul
Malik in 86 AH. Al-Walid's reign became the golden age of the Umayyad Dynasty. Muslims at that
time gained peace, prosperity and order, there was no rebellion during his reign. Al-Walid
continued the effective government left by his father. He developed a welfare system for his
people, provided life, education and health guarantees for orphans and 166 |Dr. H. Anwar
Sewang, MA with disabilities. Improving infrastructure, building public facilities and buildings,
building the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and renovating the Prophet's Mosque. In addition to
paying attention to the domestic conditions, the expansion of the territory also continued, he
succeeded in conquering Transoxiana (Uzbekistan), Sind, Punjab, Khawarizm, Samarkand,
Kabul, Tus and other places including con
quering the legendary Spain under the command of Thariq bin Ziyad. 4. Umar bin Abdul
Aziz Umar bin Abdul Aziz, known as Umar II, was a person who was zuhud and was famous for
his piety, far different from the Umayyad style of government that was known as secular, Umar is
often also referred to as the fifth Khulafaur Rashidin, some call him Caliph Assoleh. [13] In his
blood flowed the blood of Umar bin Khattab, from the famous story, that Ashim, the son of Umar
bin Khattab, was married to a poor girl who was the son of a milkman because of his honesty.
From their marriage a child was born named Laila or Um Ashim, Umar's mother who married
Abdul Aziz bin Marwan. At the age of 24, he had begun his political career as governor of Medina,
due to his honesty and his outstanding achievements when the Textbook of the History of Islamic
Civilization- Introduction | 167 Serving as governor, he was appointed directly by king Solomon
through a will to become caliph after his death. Umar II was baiat to become Caliph at the age of
36, he was a simple, fair, honest and wise leader. Soon after being appointed Caliph, he handed
over all his wealth, including his wife's property and jewelry, to Baitul Maal. Withdraw the
luxurious facilities in the state palace and r
eturn them to the state treasury. Officials who were indicated to be corrupt were removed
without exception, he changed many policies and completely reformed his government. In the
fiscal field, Umar cut taxes from Christians, not only that, he also stopped collecting taxes from
converts. This policy boosted sympathy from non-Muslims to flock to embrace Islam. During his
reign, he focused on improving domestic conditions, he built and improved various public
facilities and services, developed the agricultural sector through land improvement and irrigation
canals, improved roads and infrastructure, he also built lodges to glorify guests and travelers who
stopped in Damascus, worship facilities such as mosques were multiplied and beautified, the
community was 168 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, The sick Supreme Court is provided with free medical
treatment, services at the post office are improved so that correspondence and information
activities run smoothly. The security conditions during Umar's time were also very conducive, he
succeeded in suppressing the rebellion of t
he Khawarij and Shia with a persuasive approach, he forbade his people to insult or
blaspheme Ali bin Abi Talib in sermons or speeches, the policy invited the sympathy of the Shia.
With his humility Umar managed to reconcile the feud between Shiites and Sunnis, which is
almost impossible to achieve even today. In the economic field, Umar encouraged his people to
have an entrepreneurial spirit, so that economic growth was very rapid, the country's foreign
exchange increased from zakat, tax and jizyah revenues, he then managed and distributed it
effectively and efficiently. In distributing zakat, Umar not only tries to eliminate the poverty of his
people, but also serves as a stimulant for economic growth at the macro level. At that time, the
number of muzakki continued to increase, while the recipients of zakat continued to decrease or
even run out altogether. Zakat funds are also allocated to people who are in debt, so that no one
has debt dependents anymore, the zakat funds are also used to help couples who want to get
married, so that the Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 169 They did
not spend a penny on the marriage expenses. Even so, the money in the state treasury is still in
surplus. This is proof of Umar's success in managing the country and building the economy of
Muslims. He has succeeded in turning theory into reality and bringing justice together with
prosperity. During his very short reign, which was only about two years and five months, he died
in a tragic situation, according to some narration he was poisoned by his aides, however, Umar
has succeeded in realizing welfare and social justice for his people and nation. 5. Hisham bin
Abdul Malik The golden age of the Umayyad Dynasty ended during the reign of Hisham (724-743),
Abdul Malik's fourth son. By Arab scholars, he is seen as the third statesman in the Umayyad
Dynasty after Muawiyah and Abdul Malik. [14] During his long reign, about 20 years, he managed
to quell international crises, and he also expanded his territory outwards. He successfully
conquered the Narbonne region in the south of France, then advanced to Marseille and Avignon,
as well as Lyon, breaking through the Burgundy region. In the north, he managed to capture the
territory of Toulouse, the capital of the Aquitanian region. 170 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Hisyam
also made many improvements in the country, he made productive land, built the city of
Rashafah, and cleaned up the administrative
e system. During his leadership, he often expanded his power to Europe and Rome, he
died at the age of 55 in 125 H / 742 AD. The Advance of the Eastern Umayyad Dynasty Apart from
the seizure of power in the early days of the Umayyad Caliphate, it was enough to cause historical
scratches in the subsequent generations of Islam who saw it in a different perspective from the
conditions and situations at that time. It is undeniable that the 90 years of the reign of the Bani
Umayyah dynasty made a great contribution in the journey of building Islamic civilization in the
world. There are so many things that the development and progress of Islam that the Banu
Umayyad dynasty succeeded in pioneering and achieving in its time, including: 1. Vast territorial
expansion Since shifting its government from Medina to Damascus, the Umayyads have built a
new Arab empire, from this city the Umayyad dynasty continued the expansion of Islamic power
and developed a strong central government. The expansion of power extends to Spain, North
Africa, Syria, Palestine, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, parts of Asia Minor, Textbook on the History
of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 171 Persians, Afghans, Pakistanis, Purcmenians, Uzbeks
and Kyrgyz in Central Asia. [15] Attacks on the Byzantine capitals and Constantinople also
continued to be carried out with the deployment of its great navy, during the time of Abdul Malik
the expansion of the territory reached Balkana
bad, Bukhara, Khawarizm, Ferghana, Samarkand, India, Balukhistan, Sind, Punjab to
Maltan. [16] 2. The Reform of the Administration of the Umayyad Government divided the
administrative area of the government into several provinces, (1) Syria – Palestine; (2) Kufa,
including Iraq; (3) Bashrah, which includes Persia, Sijistan, Khurasan, Bahrain, Oman, Nejed and
Yamamah; (4) Armenia; (5) Hijaz; (6) Karman and the territory on the borders of India; (7) Egypt;
(8) Small Africa; (9) Yemen and South Arabia. [17] Gradually several provinces were merged,
leaving five provinces, each ruled by a deputy caliph. The government has three main tasks which
include regulating public administration, collecting taxes, and regulating religious affairs. The
main source of state revenue is taxes and zakat, Muawiyah took a policy to collect a tax of 2.5
percent, from the annual income of Muslims, the value is the same as income tax in modern
countries today. [18] For state administration, the Umayyads established a diwan, as a place to
copy judgments or 172 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA regulations in one register. The diwan
established is limited to four important diwans, the Tax Diwan, the Correspondence Diwan, the
Revenue Diwan, and the Stamp Diwan. Because of its vast territory, the Umayyads created a
correspondence and correspondence service called Barid, which is now known as the post
office. And the currency was first printed during the reign of Abdul Malik 3. The development of
science The Arabs did not have a high intellectual culture, but history proves that they were
thirsty for knowledge and quickly learned from the areas they conquered. Science soon
experienced rapid progress, the Umayyad Caliphate had sown the seeds of knowledge whose
tree would bear fruit so abundantly during the Abbasid dynasty. The development and progress
of science not only includes religious science, but also general sciences such as medical
science, exact science, philosophy, astrolo
gy, geography, history, language and so on. The two Hijaz cities, Mecca and Medina,
became places where music, songs and poetry flourished. Meanwhile, Kufa and Bashrah
developed into centers of intellectual activity in the Islamic world. 4. Military, Defense and
Security Textbook of the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 173 Unlike in earlier times
when war soldiers were recruited on the basis of theology and high loyalty, in the Umayyad period
the military was professionally made, the soldiers were given a decent salary and livelihood. In
addition to succeeding in forming the strength of the army, one of the developments in the
Umayyad Dynasty was the creation of a naval ship factory. For defense and internal security, a
police department was formed. 5. Justice As during the previous Caliphate, the judges appointed
during the Umayyad period were chosen people who were very obedient to Allah SWT and fair in
making decisions. The judg
es' decisions have begun to be recorded. The judiciary is divided into three levels, Al-
Qadha, the judiciary that deals with matters related to religion, Al-Hisbah, which deals with
criminal matters, and Al-Mazhalim, the highest institution that adjudicates high-ranking officials
and judges, today functions like the Supreme Court.
