COMPETITION BETWEEN NATIONS

COMPETITION BETWEEN NATIONS

The Abbasid Caliphate was founded by the Banu Abbas who allied with the Persians. This

alliance was based on the common fate of the two groups when the Umayyads were in power.

Both are equally oppressed. After the Abbasid caliphate was established, the Banu Abbasid

dynasty continued to maintain the alliance. According to Ibn Khaldun, there were two reasons

why the Abbasid dynasty chose the Persians over the Arabs. 1. It is difficult for the Arabs to forget

the Umayyad Bani. At that time they were first-class citizens. 2. The Arabs themselves are divided

by the existence of ashabiyah (tribal). Thus, the Abbasid caliphate is not upheld above the

traditional ashabiyyah. However, the Persians were not satisfied. In addition, the territory of the

Meanwhile, the caliphs implemented a new system of slavery. Persian or Turkish slaves were

made into officers and soldiers. They were given a dynastic destiny and received a salary. By the

Banu Abbas, they were considered slaves. This system of slavery has increased the influence of

the Persians and Turks. Because of their large numbers and strength, they felt that the country

was theirs; They have power over the people based on the power of the caliph. The tendency of

each nation to dominate power has been felt since the beginning of the Abbasid caliphate.

However, because the caliphs were strong people who were able to maintain the balance of

power, political stability could be maintained. After al-Mutawakkil, a weak caliph, ascended the

throne, the dominance of the Turkish army was unstoppable. Since then, the rule of the Banu

Abbas has actually ended. Power is in the hands of the Turkish people. This position was then

kind of product tax. After the caliphate entered a period of decline, state revenues declined while

expenditures increased even more. The decline in state revenue is caused by the narrowing of

the territory, the number of riots that disrupt the people's economy. Taxes were reduced and

many small dynasties became independent and no longer paid tribute. Meanwhile, the swelling

of expenditure is caused by, among other things, the increasingly luxurious lives of caliphs and

officials, as well as the types of expenditure that are increasingly diverse and officials commit

corruption. Unstable political conditions have caused the country's economy to be sluggish. On

the contrary, poor economic conditions weakened the political power of the second Abbasid

dynasty, these factors were interrelated and inseparable.

Religious fanaticism is closely related to national questions. Because the Persians' ideals

forms such as polemics about teachings, to armed conflicts that shed blood on both sides. The

al-Afsyin and Qaramithah movements are examples of such armed conflicts. When this

movement began to take corners, many of its supporters took refuge behind Shi'a teachings, so

that many Shi'a schools were seen as ghulat (extreme) and considered deviant by Shi'a believers

themselves. The Shi'a school is indeed known as a political school in Islam that is opposed to the

Ahlussunnah ideology.

Between the two, there are often conflicts that sometimes also involve the ruler. Al-

Mutawakkil, for example, ordered that the tomb of Hussein Ibn Ali in Karballa be destroyed, but

his son, al-Muntashir (861-862 A.D.), again allowed the Shi'ites to "visit" the tomb of Hussein.

Shi'a have ruled in the Abbasid caliphate through the Banu Buwaihi for more than a hundred

performing mihnah. At the time of al-Mutawakkil

The Mu'tazilah school revived during the time of the Bani Buwaihi, but during the Seljuk

Dynasty which adhered to Sunni beliefs, the elimination of the Mu'tazilah group began to be

carried out systematically. With the support of the rulers of the Ash'ariyah school, it flourished

and triumphed. The thoughts of al-Ghazali that support this school are the main characteristics

of Ahlussunnah. These ideas have had an unfavorable effect on the development of Islamic

intellectual creativity, it is said that until now. Regarding the religious conflict, Syed Ameer Ali

said: "The religion of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) as well

as the religion of Isa 'alaihis salaam, is shattered by divisions and strife from within. Differences

of opinion on abstract questions for which there can be no certainty in a life that has an end,

and to hinder the influence and invasion of Muslim armies over Christian territory. As previously

the army of Sultan Alp Arselan Rahimahullah in 464 H (1071 AD), which only had 15,000 soldiers,

in this event succeeded in defeating the Roman army of 2,000,000 men, consisting of Roman

soldiers, Ghuz, al-Akraj, al-Hajr, French and Armenian soldiers, this event is known as the

Manzikert incident. Although the Muslims succeeded in defending their areas from the

Crusaders, the losses they suffered were many, because the war took place in their territory.

These losses resulted in the political power of Muslims becoming weak. In such conditions they

do not become united, but instead divided. Many small states have independent of the Abbasid

central government in Baghdad.

At that critical moment, the vizier of the Abbasid caliphate, Ibn Alqami, wanted to take

some of his followers with pearls, gems and other valuable gifts to hand over to Hulagu Khan. The

prizes were distributed by Hulagu to his commanders. The departure of the caliph was followed

by the palace dignitaries consisting of jurists and prominent people. However, Hulagu Khan's

remarks were beyond the expectations of the caliph. What the vizier said was not true. All of

them, including the vizier himself, were killed by beheading in turn. With this brutal murder came

the end of Abbasid rule in Baghdad. The city of Baghdad itself was razed to the ground, as were

because Baghdad as the center of Islamic culture and civilization which was very rich in scientific

treasures also disappeared to the earth by the Mongol forces led by Hulaghu Khan.

family. He ruled for 30 years, but had weak power in Al-Andalus and he tried to suppress

resistance from Al-Fihri's supporters and the Abbasid caliph. Over the next century and a half,

his descendants succeeded him as Amir of Córdoba, who had written authority over all of Al-

Andalus and sometimes even included Western North Africa. In fact, the power of the Amir of

Córdoba, especially in areas bordering the Christians, often experienced political ups and

downs, depending on the skill of the incumbent Amir. Amir Abdullah bin Muhammad even only

had power over Córdoba. Abdullah's grandson, Abdurrahman III, succeeded him in 912 AD, and

quickly restored Umayyad rule over Al-Andalus and even western North Africa. In 929 AD he

appointed himself Caliph, so that this emirate now has the same status as the Abbasid caliphate

mountain where Thariq and his army first landed and prepared their army, is known as Gibraltar

(Jabal Thariq). With the control of this area, the door was wide open to enter Spain. In a battle in

a place called Bakkah, King Roderick can be defeated.

From there Thariq Rahimahullah and his army continued to conquer important cities,

such as Cordova, Granada and Toledo (the capital of the Gothic kingdom at that time). Before

Thariq Rahimahullah succeeded in conquering the city of Toledo, he asked Musa ibn Nushair

Rahimahullah for additional troops in North Africa. Moses sent an additional 5000 troops,

bringing the total number of Thariq's troops to 12,000. This number was not yet comparable to

the much larger Gothic army, 100,000 men. The first victory achieved by Thariq ibn Ziyad (may

battle arena with the intention of helping Thariq's struggle. With a large army, he set out across

the strait, and one by one the cities he passed through were conquered

After Moses had conquered Sidonia, Carmona, Seville, and Merida and defeated the

Gothic ruler Theodomir of Orihuela, he joined Thariq in Toledo. Subsequently, both managed to

control all important cities in Spain, including the northern part of it, from Saragosa to Navarre.

The next wave of territorial expansion appeared during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

(may Allah have mercy on him) in 99 AH/717 AD. This time the target was aimed at controlling the

area around the Pyrenees and Southern France. The leadership of the army was entrusted to Al-

Samah Rahimahullah, but his efforts failed and he himself was killed in 102 AH. Subsequently,

the leadership of the army was handed over to Abdurrahman ibn Abdullah al-Ghafiqi

century AD, has reached all of Spain and extended far into Central France and important parts of

Italy. The victories achieved by Muslims seem so easy. It cannot be separated from the existence

of favorable external and internal factors. What is meant by external factors is a condition that

exists within Spain itself. During the Spanish conquest by Muslims, the social, political, and

economic conditions of the country were in a deplorable state. Politically, the territory of Spain

was torn apart and divided into several small states. At the same time, the Gothic rulers were

intolerant of the religious school embraced by the ruler, namely the Monophysite school,

especially towards the adherents of another religion, the Jews. The Jews, who make up the largest

part of the Spanish population, are forced to be baptized according to Christianity. Those who

miserable state under the rule of the iron fist of the Visighotic rulers. On the other hand, the

kingdom is in a crisis that has resulted in the suffering of the people. As a result of the heinous

treatment, the important Jewish colonies became places of resistance and rebellion. This

internal division in Spain contributed greatly to the success of Islamic intervention in 711 AD. The

division was very varied, and existed long before the Gothic kingdom was established. Political

divisions worsen the economic condition of the community. When Islam entered Spain, the

economy of the community was in a state of paralysis. In fact, when Spain was still under Roman

(Byzantine) rule, thanks to the fertility of its soil, agriculture advanced rapidly. Likewise, mining,

industry and trade because they are supported by good transportation facilities. However, after

Spain came under the rule of the Gothic kingdom, the economy was paralyzed and the welfare of

the people declined. Hectares of land are left uncultivated, some factories are closed, and it is

difficult to travel between one area and another because the roads are not maintained. The poor

by Islam. The beginning of the destruction of the kingdom of Ghoth was when King Roderick

moved the capital of his country from Seville to Toledo, while Witiza, who was then the ruler of

the territory of Toledo, was simply dismissed. This situation provoked anger from Oppas and

Achila, Witiza's sister and son. The two then rose to gather strength to take down Roderick. They

went to North Africa and joined the Muslims. Meanwhile, there was also a conflict between

Roderick and Queen Julian, the former ruler of the Septah region. Julian also joins

Another advantage of the Islamic army was that Roderick's army, which consisted of

oppressed slaves, no longer had a spirit of war, and the oppressed Jews also held alliances and

provided assistance to the Muslim cause. The internal factor is a condition contained in the body

of the ruler, warrior figures and Islamic warriors involved in the conquest of Spanish territory in