PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN
UNITED STATES
Sandra J. Thompson
Arizona State University
Course
Professor Tyana
March, 2024
Week 3
Introduction
The concepts and of sustainable cities are inevitable, something that onlyexists in our world
of thought or imagination. In the mind, both have different characteristics and positions. A
concept is a reconstruction that may be a fiscalization of a reality or phenomenon, it can also
be a pure imagination built by and in the mind to give an overall picture of a form or
process. This concept is then reused by the mind to understand, explain or even act on the
reality or phenomenon. The concept of a sustainable city is a construction in the mind that is
based on a belief about the form and processes that occur in the city. This embraced belief is
referred to as a principle that is indeed the basis and guide for all actions.
Sustainable cities are a concept built on the belief that human life on earth must continue.
No human being wants to be the last generation and become extinct like the dinosaurs. In
fact, life itself is always striving for more and more quality of life in accordance with the
values they believe in. This decent and quality life is expected not only for the current
generation but also for future generations. It is often expressed that the nature in which we
live is not an inheritance but what is entrusted to the children and grandchildren. This
awareness and belief led to the principle and concept of sustainable development, which was
agreed upon by the United Nations General Assembly in 1987 as the common principle of
all countries in the world. The principle of justice between generations, in essence, is that all
efforts to meet the needs of the present do not hinder the fulfillment of the needs of future
generations. Furthermore, through the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992, the principles
and concepts were outlined in a world program called Agenda 21. It is in this context that
the principles and concepts of sustainable cities were developed, although outside the
agreement there are still growing efforts to find the meaning of sustainable development.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
WHY CITY
Sustainability then becomes the principle that is adopted in almost all actions and activities.
So widespread is the use of the term sustainability that it has become detached from its
foundations. Amongst the cacophony of sustainable terms, sustainable cities are amongst the
concepts that are being applied across the globe.
Why, because cities are spaces where human life is concentrated. Currently half of the
world's population lives in cities and will continue to increase until it is probably around 70-
80 percent. In industrially developed countries, this concentration of urban population has
reached saturation levels and has reached around 70 to 90 percent. While in developing
countries the urban population is only about 20 - 20 percent and rapidly moving towards the
50 percent mark to match the urban population of developed countries. There have been
attempts to contain urban growth such as in China under Mao Zedong or the ruthless de-
urbanization of Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime, but none of them could stop the
"urbanizing" process.
The city is a tangible manifestation of development and progress, the characteristics of the
development and progress of the nation can be seen from the condition of the city. Cities are
communication centers, political centers, centers of power and administration. From the city
there is also the development of new values and new cultures. Many stagnant cultural
products suddenly re-emerge due to the encouragement of the city. Cities are also
recognized as engines of economic growth, determining consumption and production
patterns. Cities offer a variety of employment opportunities and even the development of
agriculture is largely determined by cities. On the other hand, while cities are agents of
renewal and development, they can also be aggressive and exploitative agents of global
capital. It must be recognized that cities are responsible for the exploitation of natural
resources. Cities are large consumers of clean water which can lead to disruption of water
allocation for agriculture. Expanding cities consume productive agricultural land. The
destruction of the environment by, for example, sand and stone quarrying due to urban
demand. Cities also become cities are the largest producers of waste and pollution in every
country. Thus, cities have finally become the world's concern to be able to encourage their
positive functions and roles and control their negative effects. Therefore, cities receive
special attention in an effort to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development.
Cities are complex, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional cultural forms. Therefore, it is
understandable that there is no unified view on the concept and principles of sustainable
cities.
Discourse On The Concept And Agreement On The Principle: Sustainable Cities
The World Commission on Environment and Development report(1) or better known as the
Brundtland report states that a sustainable city is a city that can carry out its functions and
roles in sustainable development. The city must be able to protect and maintain natural
resources in the city and in the surrounding area so that they can be utilized sustainably. This
means that not only the city itself is sustainable but also its regional functions and roles.
In its 1997 issue of World Resources, the World Resources Institute specifically highlighted
urban issues and stated that a sustainable city is one that is able to meet the needs of the
urban poor today(2). This means that the ability to tackle poverty is key to the sustainability
of the city. More broadly than just poverty, Seregaldin considers that a sustainable city is
one that works for people to protect their health, provide shelter, and offer opportunities for
work and cultural expression to work and express their culture(3) . For Badshah, it is the
decision-making process that ensures a sustainable city. A sustainable city is one where
housing programs and urban services are based on consensus. (4)
Based on a concept called the settlement metabolism model, Paul Newman places
transportation as the most important factor for realizing sustainable cities(5). Metabolic
model A settlement is a closed cycle and open process that describes the input of resources
that are processed by settlement dynamics into a decent and comfortable life as well as
waste. In this settlement dynamic, transportation is an important component. In relation to
transportation, the dependence on cars according to Newman is the cause of the
unsustainability of the city.
There is a strong intention to realize the concept and apply the principles of sustainable
development and understanding the existence of various views, there are various efforts to
find common ground on what a sustainable city is. These efforts are embodied in, among
others:
•
1994 Aalborg Declaration, SUSTAINABLE CITY for EUROPEAN CITIES.
The declaration expressed, among other things, the need to achieve justice, a sustainable
economy and a sustainable environment. Social justice needs to be based on sustainability
and economic justice and this requires environmental sustainability. This implies that the
preservation of natural resources is necessary. This requires that the level of consumption of
renewable materials, such as water and energy resources, does not exceed the ability of
natural systems to renew them. While the level of consumption of non-renewable resources
does not exceed the sustainable replacement of resources. Environmental sustainability also
means that the level of pollutants discharged does not exceed the capacity of air, water and
soil to absorb and process them. If we look at some of the principles declared, it appears that
there is nothing new, all of which are principles that are already known and accepted by the
environmental community society. But it is the commitment to implement them in each of
the cities that signed the declaration that is more important. The declaration was followed up
by a campaign and the setting of a common agenda. The competition between European
cities for the sustainable city award for the most compliant city is ongoing.
•
Melbourne Principles Of Sustainable Cities (May 2002).
The declaration of these principles was organized by ICLEI, UNEP and the Victorian EPA.
The principles provide a simple set of statements about how a sustainable city functions. The
Melbourne Principles are intended to guide thinking and provide a strategic framework for
action but they are not prescriptions. It allows cities to develop their own solutions
according to their particular circumstances. The Melbourne Principles will help citizens and
decision-makers to work together to determine what is important to make a city sustainable.
According to this principle, a sustainable city is a capable city:
Formulate a long-term vision for the city based on sustainability; social, economic
and political equity and their distinctive features
Achieve long-term socio-economic security.
Recognize value biodiversity and natural ecosystems, protect and restore them.
Enable communities to minimize their ecological footprint.
Establishing ecosystem characteristics in development and maintain the health and
sustainability of the city.
Recognize and build on the distinctive characteristics of the city including its human
and cultural values, history and natural systems.
Empower the community and accelerate its participation.
Expanding and enabling networks of cooperation to achieve a sustainable shared
future
Promote consumption and production that support sustainability, through the use of
environmentally sound technologies and effective demand management.
Enhance the ability to make continuous improvements, based on accountability,
openness and good governance
There were city governments in United States that attended and signed the declaration.
Melbourne, but whether the person concerned actually promised to apply the principle, we
do not know.
What Cities Mean To United States
If we are going to develop and implement the principle of sustainable cities in United States,
the problem we face is that what the city itself means still needs to be agreed upon. Every
day people use the term city but what it means to United Statess is not simple.
The term city can mean city, town, municipal or urban. This kind of confusion has never
been clarified or even standardized by law, so the term Kota is used for municipal. There is
an attempt to use the term urban for the term urban, for example as we can find in statistics.
Various regulations also use the term urban area to denote urban areas, but urban culture is
usually translated as urban culture and urban economy as urban economy. Not urban culture
and urban economy. This ambiguity never seems to be questioned, perhaps because it is
considered to be something that all United States-speaking people can understand. If there is
a term "kota" in a law or policy, we can interpret for ourselves whether the term "kota"
means city, town, municipal or urban, because it is possible that the formulators themselves
do not realize the difference.
In this paper the term urban is used for urban, and city (small k) for city or town and Kota
(large K) for municipal. Urban is a trait, even specifically intended to signify socio-cultural
traits, therefore it might be more appropriate to use the term kekotaan for urban. However,
since the term urban has become widespread and is formally used in legislation, we may as
well use the term urban here. The term kota (small k) is understood as an entity or unit of
settlement that has urban characteristics while Kota (large K) is an administrative unit.
How the characteristics of a settlement unit can be considered to have urban characteristics
is not easy.
We can physically indicate the presence of a city by the number and quality of buildings and
infrastructure. Also, the statistical figures of the settlement can indicate the presence of the
city, but all of them do not necessarily indicate the urban nature of the values and behavior
of the people. The Central Bureau of Statistics (United States) classifies a village or
kelurahan as an urban area if the population density reaches 500 people/km2 or more, less
than 25% of the population lives from agriculture and has at least eight public service
facilities such as markets, schools, health centers and so on. Based on this definition, a
village unit is considered an urban area and its residents are referred to as urban residents.
Of course, the socio-cultural dimension of urban areas cannot be recognized by this
classification. This makes the analysis of urban development based solely on population
growth artificial. There are many cities that, although their population size and density meet
the criteria of being urban, the characteristics of their life and management cannot be
classified as urban.
A Framework For Examining The Continuation Of City In United States
While the meaning of a city itself is debatable and how to delineate a settlement unit to be
called a city is difficult, we will try to develop a framework for examining urban
sustainability. Examining the various views and agreements on sustainable cities, it can be
concluded that what is meant is not the continuation of its physical existence.
Cities that physically disappeared like Pompei, Majapahit or Srivijaya are no longer found in
modern life. Even Hiroshima, which was devastated by the Atompun bomb, was able to
maintain its existence. Various thoughts on the sustainability of cities are instead aimed at
the problem of how to make cities continue to grow qualitatively and quantitatively. How to
make the city more comfortable in conditions of increasing population is, among other
things, a problem that does not stop examined. Thus, the concept and principles of
sustainable cities can be developed based on the following framework:
A sustainable city is a city that continuously ensures the improvement of the quality of
life of its citizens and the convenience of other city users.
To ensure such conditions the city must continuously provide, maintain and develop
adequate facilities and resources for the needs of its citizens and other users.
The provision, maintenance and development of facilities and other resources can be
done adequately and sustainably if the city is well organized. Good city governance can
only be done by good governments, citizens and city users.
With this framework in mind, there are various questions that must be answered. What is the
quality of life and what conditions are called comfortable still has to be clarified. Since the
citizens and users of the city are diverse, the question arises as to whom the comfort should
be provided for. What and how much resources and facilities should be provided in relation
to consumption patterns. Among the resources that must be made available, natural
resources, especially land, cannot be continuously provided because replacements must be
sought. Therefore, a sustainable city must, among other things, conserve its natural
resources, especially land. This consumption of space or land, known as the ecological
footprint, has been used in many European cities as a measure of urban sustainability. This
land consumption is not only used for construction but is also needed for transportation,
water conservation, carbon sequestration, waste storage, food production and so on.
For United States cities, good city governance can be considered the key to sustainable
cities. While good governance can occur When there is a good city government, good
citizens and good city users. Evidence of the history and development of cities in United
States is still far from expectations. Various efforts to encourage the realization of good
governance has indeed been carried out by many parties, but these various efforts are still
more symbolic or formalism. Perhaps the history of cities in United States has not yet
reached the level of being able to implement good urban governance.
Concluding Remarks: Efforts To Formulate The Principles Of Sustainable Cities.
Which cities in United States can be called as is a question that is not easy to answer,
because we do not yet have an agreed concept and principles of sustainable cities. The
Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI) in collaboration with United States
Decentralized Environment and Resource Management (UNDP), conducted a workshop to
formulate the principles of sustainable cities in United States. The result was that a
sustainable city is one that:
Having a vision, mission and long-term strategy (in a participatory manner) that is
pursued continuously and consistently through short and medium-term plans, budgets,
programs and implementation accompanied by incentive mechanisms.
Integrate economic growth efforts with efforts to realize social justice, environmental
sustainability, community participation and cultural diversity.
Develop and strengthen cooperation/partnership (and communication) between
stakeholders, between sectors and between regions.
Maintain, develop and wisely use local resources and gradually reduce dependence on
external (global) and irreplaceable resources.
Minimizing the "ecological footprint" created by cities and activities/life within it and
maintain and even increase the local "ecological carrying capacity".
Implement a socially just population management accompanied by the development of
public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption patterns/lifestyles that take
into account the interests of future generations.
Providing security for its citizens while protecting the rights of the public.
Equitable law enforcement supported by the commitment and consistency of law
enforcement officials.
Promote an environment conducive to the creation of a learning community
characterized by continuous improvement.
