IMPLICATIONS OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL RATIFICATION ON
UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC POLITICS
Introduction
Global warming is an urgent issue, because as a problem caused by climate change,
it has an impact on changes in rainfall and increases intensity and frequency of storms. Sea
levels will also rise, partly due to the evaporation of seawater and partly to the melting of
perennial ice in the high mountains and in the ocean polar regions. It was previously
estimated that by the third decade of the 21st century some coastal cities and small islands
would be submerged. Realizing the threat of climate change for countries, a treaty or
agreement was formed that regulates this issue, namely the Kyoto Protocol.
However, the progress of United States national economy in the industrial sector
driven by fossil energy has had an uncomfortable impact, namely the increase in earth's
surface temperature followed by global climate change. Global warming occurs as a result of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons, and hexaflurorides. Not to mention those from power plants, oil-fueled
vehicles and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere2. It is proven that United States has a share
in greenhouse gas emissions of up to 85%. This is due to deforestation and peatland
destruction3.
This deforestation peaked shortly after 1998, when the era of President Suharto
ended, and the process of democratic transformation began. Political decentralization
increased the power of regional heads who, together with landowners, saw a lucrative source
of money in the business of legal logging concessions and illegal logging4. In early June and
late June 2004, United States ratified the The Kyoto Protocol on reducing global warming
and the Kartagena Protocol on saving biodiversity. This shows United States stance on
global warming and biodiversity5.
In every foreign policy or system that is implemented, there must be a history and
origin of why the policy must be made. Just like the Kyoto Protocol. A political system that
runs on the basis of the environment. Based on the current natural phenomena, the Kyoto
Protocol tries to bring environmental issues to be an international focus in building the
world. These issues are for example related to Global Warming, greenhouse gas emissions
and so on. This chapter will discuss the history, background, and considerations made by
United States before ratifying the Kyoto Protocol.
Since the 1972 Stockholm Declaration by the international community where
environmental issues became the center of attention of the international community. The
1972 Stockholm Conference turned out to be unable to prevent environmental damage so
that environmental damage became worse. A decade after the implementation of the
Stockholm Conference 1972, the international community trying to reduce environmental
degradation. The World Commission on Environment and Development completed its work
in 1987 and released its report, known as the Brundtland Report, entitled Our Common
Future. The report's theme was Sustainable Development.
Sustainable development is intended as a long-term development that covers an
intergenerational period that is not greedy for its own interests, but also takes into account
the interests of children and grandchildren by trying to leave enough resources and a healthy
environment and support the life of humanity with prosperity. The concept of sustainable
development in relation to the environment has not led to an improvement in the quality of
the world's environment, so the international community needs a new commitment to better
manage the environment.
In no less than twenty twenty years In less than twenty years after the 1972
Stockholm Conference, from June 3 to 14, 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit,
was held to discuss earth safety issues.
Ideas and programs to reduce GHG emissions internationally have been carried out
since 1979. The program gave rise to an idea in the form of an international treaty, namely
the Convention on Climate Change, which was adopted on 14 May 1992 and entered into
force on 21 March 1994. The Government of United States is a signatory to the treaty and
has ratified it through Law Number 6 Year 1994.
In order for the Convention to be implemented by the Parties, it is considered
important to have a further commitment, especially for countries in Annex I (industrialized
countries or GHG producing countries) to reduce GHGs as the main element causing climate
change. However, given the weak commitment of the Parties to the Climate Change
Convention, the Conference of the Parties (COP) III held in Kyoto in December 1997
resulted in the Kyoto Protocol agreement that regulates and legally binds the Parties of
industrialized countries to implement GHG emission reduction efforts that can be carried out
individually or jointly.
The Kyoto Protocol aims to maintain GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a
level that does not endanger the Earth's climate system. To achieve this goal, the Protocol
regulates the implementation of emission reductions by industrialized countries by 5%
below 1990 levels in the period 2008-2012 through the Implementation mechanism. Joint
(Joint Implementation), Emission Trading, and Clean Development Mechanism. Clean
Development Mechanism (Clean Development Mechanism).
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
The Kyoto Protocol consists of 28 articles with two annexes as follows: Definitions,
Policies and Measures, Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments, Joint Fulfillment
of Commitments, Methodological Issues, Transfer and Acquisition of Emission Reduction
Units (joint implementation), Communication of Information, Review of Information,
Review of the Protocol, Continuation to accelerate implementation of commitments,
Financial Mechanism, Clean Development Mechanism, Conference of the Parties which is a
Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, Secretariat, Subsidiary Bodies, Miltilateral
Consultative Process, Emissions Trading, Non-compliance, Dispute Settlement,
Amendments, Adoption and Amendment of Appendices, Voting Rights, Depository,
Signatures and Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession, Effectiveness,
Reservations, Withdrawal, Original Text.
In terms of forestry, United States forests are the lungs of the world that supply the
majority of oxygen in the world because United States forest area is the second largest after
Brazil. The preservation of forests in United States greatly affects the survival of mankind
on earth. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol has an impact on United States participation
as a supporting country supporting programs to reduce environmental pollution and carbon
emissions. One important program that has been implemented by United States is
technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, United States forests and natural resources are also the land of
investment, exploration and capital exploitation of developed countries. United States
benefited from the solutions offered by the PK by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. However,
after its implementation, the rate of destruction or loss of United States forests became 2.8
million ha/year in 2006-2007. In addition, United States no longer needs to destroy already-
damaged forests to generate income for the welfare of its people because it will be
compensated by carbon-emitting countries.
United States as a country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol will certainly have an
impact on United States international politics itself. The impact that United States will get
depends on how United States responds to decisions in the Kyoto Protocol. As is known,
United States foreign policy system is Free and Active Politics. United States actively
conducts diplomacy with many countries. One of them is by ratifying this Kyoto Protocol.
Where the aim is to tackle environmental problems in the international realm.
Global warming has resulted in United States paying attention to environmental
management since the early 1980s. The extent of social ecological damage to date has been
a stimulus to take stronger steps to restore and manage the environment. Although United
States has no obligation to reduce greenhouse emissions (GHG), it has an interest in active
diplomacy and negotiation in global efforts to address climate change.
United States strategy to deal with climate risks is through the marine, coastal and
fisheries sector, Agriculture Sector, Water Resources, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector,
Forestry Sector and Biodiversity. United States has played an active and constructive role in
international climate negotiations by hosting the COP-13 climate conference in 2007, which
established the Bali Roadmap for a new global climate agreement.
United States plays an active role in diplomacy and negotiations through the
negotiating table so that global warming can be reduced. Global warming is agreed by
experts to be due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High GHG emissions will
increase global warming. United States is concerned about the impact of climate change
through the negotiating table in order to reach consensus on the issue of world climate
change. United States diplomacy seeks to produce an agreement between countries to pay
attention to world climate change. The international framework that discusses the
environment, especially about emissions that circulate and have damaged the stability of the
world's climate. This meeting also discussed how to handle the problem, and this meeting
also decided on the parties who should be responsible for it. This condition opened the eyes
of countries of the impact of industrialization that has damaged the stability of nature. Japan
proposed to make changes to the production system in existing industries by abandoning the
production process in industries that use fossil fuels and replacing them with advanced
technology that is more environmentally friendly. So that the level of emissions in
circulation can be reduced.
This intensive negotiation resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This Kyoto Protocol is a
product of international law that must be obeyed by countries that signed it including United
States. United States has not only signed the Kyoto Protocol but also implemented the
existing mechanisms on the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanisms in this protocol are JI (Join
Investment), ET (Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism).
Signing Kyoto Protocol has legal consequences. United States must comply with this
international law product. The making and ratification of international agreements between
the Government of United States and the governments of other countries, international
organizations and international legal subjects is a very important legal act because it binds
the state with other international legal subjects. Therefore, the making and ratification of an
international agreement is carried out based on law13.
The advantages of United States in diplomacy with other countries, especially Annex
-1 (G8) member countries, are that United States has large natural resources, has extensive
forests as the world's lungs. The country has large energy reserves that have not been
optimally exploited and explored for national development.
Development United States requires a large amount of funds, therefore the
government seeks foreign aid through the negotiating table with diplomacy and negotiations.
These development funds are used, among others, to open new land for industry and mining,
processing of natural products including oil and gas and utilization of forest products. This is
aimed at increasing United States presence in developed countries (G8).
However, the weakness of United States position is mainly the availability of funds,
which is the capital for economic improvement. Limited professional manpower, especially
experts in climate change and the environment for diplomacy and negotiations at the
international negotiating table. United States implements the Kyoto Protocol mechanism,
namely the CDM, which aims to obtain funds for environmental conservation as well as,
technology transfer and education of professionals in the field of environment and climate
change. The weakness of diplomacy at the negotiating table is the limited knowledge about
the environment and the limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized
opinions of diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies.
According to Abetnego, the regulation on the moratorium on peatlands and primary
forests, the establishment of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing
Emissions Through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action
Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential
instructions, presidential decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of
laws, there is no domestic political policy related to climate change. The issue of climate
change has never been a political discussion and has never received a special budget, while
in international negotiations United States only focuses on talking about grants and financial
assistance, this condition results in no debate at the global level14.
United States success in addressing environmental pollution and reducing GHG
emissions can be seen from the response of developed countries in establishing bilateral
cooperation in industrial and mining development. which One of the developed countries,
Japan, is still tackling the effects of environmental pollution. Japan, which is a country that
imports the largest amount of oil and gas from United States. Japan has reduced the amount
of imports, as it is now trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels by creating
advanced and environmentally friendly technology. When United States and Japan ratified
the Kyoto Protocol, both countries agreed to implement it together. jointly implement it
through the JCM program. Japan provides project capital in the form of advanced and
adequate facilities, technology, infrastructure and transportation to be implemented in
United States. Japan as an Annex -1 country can complete its responsibility through this
program and the JCM program can be implemented in United States. United States benefits
from the project. This makes United States get a positive image from the countries that
signed the Kyoto Protocol15.
The implications obtained by United States in ratifying the Kyoto Protocol are not
only obtained by United States international politics but also United States domestic politics
will have an impact. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is directly carried out in
United States. Starting from the making of the law to the direct application to the field or to
the regions. This chapter will further discuss how the Kyoto Protocol works in United
States. What happens in the regions when United States has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Development in the area related to land clearing, land use will cause environmental
problems, especially forest areas. This occurs because of conflicts of interest between
environmental interests, the interests of capital owners and the interests of the community
and their rights. Environmental management carries a mission to the future, namely life
humans and the life of the environment itself.
The reality is that the forest environment has been damaged by economic policies
that tend to target numbers in measuring development success. Environmental policy in one
area should not cause environmental damage in other areas. Environmental management
related to extensive land use absolutely must have the cooperation of various related parties.
Differences in the interests of various parties are not a reason not to cooperate with each
other. Differences in interests are combined into togetherness in carrying out responsibilities
for environmental management, so that a good and healthy environment is realized16.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement United States, as one of the countries
that ratified the protocol, harmonized the contents of the protocol through Law No.32/2009
on Environmental Protection and Management.
The adaptation agenda in the planned development strategy includes climate-related
disaster risk reduction programs through reforestation programs, reforestation, especially in
critical forest/land areas. Dissemination of climate change information and adaptation
information. Increased capacity building to integrate climate change into planning,
infrastructure design, management and management division of groundwater areas for water
management institutions. The main influence of climate change adaptation into policies and
programs with a focus on disaster management, water resources, agriculture, health and
industry and the fifth development of climate change issues into the curriculum of secondary
schools and universities United States policy of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol gives United
States economic opportunities as a non-Annex 1 country through the implementation of
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects17. CDM projects in United States are
implemented through afforestation and reforestation. United States policy regarding the
existence of the Kyoto Protocol is for national interests, especially in the political field. This
policy aims to maximize benefits and minimize the cost of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. The
participation of developing countries as parties that are very vulnerable to climate change,
developing countries are very concerned to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Of course,
it is not these developing countries that bear the costs because they are not the cause. The
participation of developing countries in mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of
climate change has financial implications that must be regulated fairly. Technology
dependency allows developing countries to take shortcuts. The process of developing and
transferring environmentally-friendly technologies also has cost implications that are
designed in a transparent manner so that thus The Global Environmental Facilities (GEF)
and its financial entities have good insight into the needs of developing countries18.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry exists because of the demand
for As the remaining tropical forests are considered the "lungs of the world", the countries
that own these forests should be compensated for their contribution to providing these lungs.
CDM is a form of compensation from developed countries to developing countries, so CDM
is an opportunity to obtain foreign funds to support priority programs, job creation with new
investment. Indirect benefits that United States can reap include technology transfer,
capacity building, improved environmental quality, and increased competitiveness. Another
form of commitment between the countries following the Kyoto Protocol is the buying and
selling of emissions in the form of certificates, i.e. the amount of emissions of the trading
actors will be verified by an international body or other body accredited by the body but
until now it has not been formed.
Logging wild Illegal logging is the unauthorized cutting, transportation and sale of
timber without a license from local authorities. A 1998 joint study between the United
Kingdom and United States indicated that around 40% of all logging activity was illegal,
with a value of US$365 million.A more recent study compared legal logging to domestic
consumption plus with More recent studies comparing legal logging with domestic
consumption plus exports indicate that 88% of all logging activity is illegal. Malaysia is a
major transit point for illegal timber products from United States19.
There are two laws and regulations that refer to illegal logging as Illegal logging,
namely Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of illegal
logging. Illegal logging is the activity of cutting, transporting and selling timber that is not
legal or has no permit from the local authority. The destruction of forests due to illegal
logging has a negative impact on the human environment, especially in United States. The
impact is the lack of groundwater supply, the occurrence of landslides and floods, the
extinction of some animals, and the siltation of rivers. Therefore, efforts need to be made to
restore critical forests so that these disasters can be avoided. The concrete impact that can be
felt by United States and the world community is global warming that arises from the
greenhouse effect which is increasingly felt as a result of the deforestation of forests that can
fend off the greenhouse effect20.
Section Main section of the REDD implementation plan is Deforestation and
Degradation. Deforestation is the permanent change from forested to non-forested areas
caused by human activities. Forest degradation is a decrease in the quantity of forest cover
and carbon stocks over a certain period caused by human activities.
Degradation reflects a measurable and sustainable decline in carbon stocks as a result
of human influence and leaves measurable forest cover above the minimum threshold
required by the definition of forest.The process of degradation of forest resources gives rise
to broad impact, which touches on aspects ofenvironment, economic, institutional, and
socio-political aspects. Damage occurs in all forest areas as a result of weak law
enforcement, forest clearing for other development purposes (mining, and industry),
encroachment, forest fires, weak awareness and attention to the preservation of watershed
ecosystems, and lack of reforestation efforts carried out by the government and other forest
users.Degradation of the quality of natural resources and the environment (ecological losses)
empirically also means: (1) Eliminating some sources of life and livelihoods of the
community (economic resources losses); (2) Eroding local wisdom through the destruction
of knowledge systems, technology, institutions, religion, and traditions of local communities
(social and cultural losses); and (3) Ignoring community rights and legal pluralism in society
(the political of legal pluralism ignorance).
United States implemented various Kyoto Protocol implementations in the form of
mitigation and adaptation efforts. Both implementations are ways recommended by the
Kyoto Protocol after ratification. However, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
has not been able to solve climate problems because there are still many forest fires, forest
degradation, illegal logging, all of which have been launched in adaptation or mitigation
efforts. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States is less effective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been implemented are less significant22.
United States in responding to the development of environmental issues both at the
national and international levels feels responsible to participate in preserving a good and
healthy environmental area. To achieve this, a real action is needed as a manifestation of
environmental management, because it is a shared responsibility, both the central or regional
government as an organization and the community as a group and also as a private
individual.
The state as an organization of power through its apparatus is empowered by the
community to regulate environmental management. The community has the right to obtain
protection of its rights in the process of environmental management implemented by the
state. State protection of community rights if the environmental management process harms
the interests of the community directly23.
The state's participation in environmental management faces considerable obstacles.
Various interests various interests clash with each other, both economic interests,
community interests and the interests of the environment itself24.
The Kyoto Protocol is designed to implement Climate Change Convention which
aims to stabilize GHG concentrations so as not to disrupt the Earth's climate system. United
States ratified the protocol to harmonize its implementation through Law No.32/2009 on
Environmental Protection and Management. The Kyoto Protocol encouraged United States
to formulate policy environment by carrying out the mitigation and adaptation agenda.
However, in its implementation, mitigation and adaptation have not been able to solve the
problems of climate change. forest fires, forest degradation, illegal logging. The
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United States tends to be ineffective, because
policies such as mitigation or adaptation have insignificant results.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States international politics in
terms of strengthening United States position in the international world by conducting
diplomacy and negotiations in the international environment provide positive image results
as a country that cares about the environment. This is because United States has signed the
kyoto protocol and then ratified the kyoto protocol into the domestic legal system by issuing
PP Number 71 of 2011. United States implements the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol,
namely CDM. The government conducts RAN-GRK which aims to reduce carbon emissions
simultaneously in each province. There is a body that oversees development that has an
impact on environmental change, namely the Environmental Agency and the requirement for
land clearing permits through the submission of AMDAL. However, in international
negotiations there are still differences of interest in the camp of the United States delegation,
so this is a weak point of United States diplomacy in international forums.
Regulations on the moratorium on peatlands and primary forests, the establishment
of the National Council on Climate Change, and on Reducing Emissions Through
Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD+), the National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, are all still in the form of presidential instructions, presidential
decrees, and presidential regulations and none are in the form of laws. This has resulted in
no debate at the global level.
The weaknesses of diplomacy in negotiations are limited knowledge about the
environment and limited professional human resources and the unsynchronized opinions of
diplomacy participants due to differences in interests between related agencies. United
States is still in a Kyoto Protocol emergency. Conflicts of interest still occur between
institutions with the government of the Ministry of Forestry as a government agency that has
official authority to manage forests in United States. The Ministry of Forestry's policy is in
stark contrast against laws and regulations governing forestry in United States. The
regulations governing forestry, in fact, are only general regulations made by the Minister of
Forestry and are not indicated for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The implications of the Kyoto Protocol on United States domestic politics in terms of
reducing carbon emissions in the country by issuing pro-environmental policies such as Law
No. IX. 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management and the issuance
of Government Regulation (PP) Presidential Decree Number 71 of 2011, as well as
supported by ministerial regulations and regional regulations related to the environment.
However, in its implementation, environmental pollution still occurs in the regions.
Environmental pollution occurs due to limited professional human resources in handling
environmental cases, the lack of readiness of law enforcers in enforcing applicable
environmental laws, the difficulty in capturing the perpetrators of environmental pollution is
very difficult, among others, proving an act as pollution environment and decentralization
which become inhibit the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the regions. The
incidence of environmental pollution cases causes people to feel reluctant to report about
pollution incidents that occur around them.
Ineffectiveness Kyoto protocol implementation in United States in terms of United
States adverse national interests and the absence of legislation regarding the implementation
of the Kyoto Protocol in United States. The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in United
States is less effective, because policies such as mitigation or adaptation that have been
implemented have insignificant implementation results.
