5-2 Final Project Prospectus: The Case for Morality
PHI 101 - Introduction to Philosophy
Arizona State University
5-2 Final Project Prospectus
Why Should We Be Moral?
1. Briefly explain the problem you have chosen. How does it arise, and what issues does it
present?
The problem I have chosen to discuss deals with why humans should be moral.
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
Individuals that are moral have the abilities to be able to differentiate between what is
considered good and what's considered bad, which leads to individuals making the decision
to do the right thing versus the wrong thing. When it comes to morality, this concept is
something that humans face on a day-to-day basis. Each of us face situations where we have
to choose between right and wrong and our morals okay a part in making those decisions.
For example, individuals who have chosen to follow the path of Christianity, tend to base
their decision making off of their belief in God and his commandments. Paul Kurtz discussed
his view in regard to morality when it comes to individual's belief in God. Within said
discussion, Vieth quotes Kurtz with this statements from his personal excerpt: "To say that a
person is moral only if he or she obeys God's commandments-out of fear or love of God or a
desire for salvation-ishardly adequate" (Vieth, 2008). They message to be taken from this is
that just because an individual obeys the commandments God laid out for his followers out
of fear of not being accepted into heaven, or that they have a love for God and their
salvation, does not mean that they are a moral being. Even though a moral individual can
differentiate between the good and bad, some still face the issue of moral responsibility.
The issue here is that if individuals don't have the free will to make moral decisions, then
their actions/decisions are typically determined for them.
2. What three resources have you chosen to use as you develop your final essay?
Provide full bibliographic information AND a brief statement (three sentences maximum) of
the main point of each of them. Remember that these should be philosophers with relevant
opinions on this topic.
A. Hume, D (1998) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals: A Critical Edition.
Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Within this source, David Hume exclaims that we don't make moral assessments through
reasons, but also through what we are feeling. His arguments implies that through using
emotion in its full capacity, that individuals are able to differentiate between what is morally
right and wrong with respect to ethics. Moreover, if we as humans are able to assess the
morality of others based off of empathy, then we are able to sympathize with them.
B. Bentham, J. (2018, July 9). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html?
chapter_num=1#book-reader
Within this source, philosopher Jeremy Bentham brings forth the concept of utilitarianism.
It's important to note that utilitarianism is a doctrine that pose suggestions with respect to
moral behaviors. The doctrine goes on to discuss that those who practice morally applicable
behavior should not be implemented just because it is viewed by others as good/the right
thing to do. However, the utilitarianism doctrine does in fact encourage happiness among
other individuals. Bentham has this theory that individuals were controlled by two masters:
pleasure and pain. He believed that individuals have this natural tendency to search for
pleasure while trying to naturally avoid pain
C. Sachs, J. (n.d.). Aristotle: Ethics. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-ethics/
Within this source, Joe Sachs discusses Aristotle's theory in regard to morality.
Aristotle's theory places its focus on virtue, in that he believed that deficiency as well as
excess were both immoral. Furthermore, he believed that virtue with respect to morality
was simply a natural turn of mind in which it allowed for individuals to have the belief that
they should act or behave in the proper manner between both vices. Sachs points out that
Aristotle makes the suggestion that individuals who are able to function between both vices
will feel as they should feel while promoting the proper action.
3. What is your position on your chosen topic? State your position in one sentence and
provide five sentences maximum on why you take the position you take (your reasoning).
When it comes to my position on why we should be moral, I believe that in order for us to
be moral, we should be able to differentiate from right and wrong, good, and bad. Meaning
that we as humans, make our decisions based off our morals; what is considered right as
opposed to what is considered wrong. The reason that I chose this position is because
individuals act based off of what influences them or the fact that our actions literally have a
direct impact on the world that surrounds us. Regardless of if we make the choice to accept
the concept of morality, we cannot deny or doubt the simple concepts of good and evil
since right and wrong does exist when it comes to decision making. Simply put, if I was the
type of person to not believe in what's right and wrong and I decided to commit a murder, it
wouldn't feel "wrong" to me because I chose not to partake in the concept of morals. On
the other hand, a mother now has to lay her son to rest, a son or daughter is now without a
father, and a wife is now a widow. That being said, no matter what I chose to believe when
it comes to the concept of morality, my actions will still affect those around me, negative or
positive.
4. What is an objection to your own position? State the objection and explain its
significance.
An objection to the position that is my own comes from Friedrich Nietzsche, a German
philosopher who brought forth the opposing view in regard to morality. Nietzsche suggested
that morality is a bad thing and he believed that if individuals make good moral choices,
then they are potentially held back from prospering and individuals. Leiter exclaims that "As
an esoteric moralist, Nietzsche aims at freeing higher human beings from their false
consciousness about morality 'their false belief that morality is good for them" (2020).
5. Expand on the objection you provided in question #4 in three to four sentences. This is
where you go beyond your process for selecting that objection and respond to it in terms of
your position.
Friedrich Nietzsche doesn't choose to hold the belief that morality makes your life better.
In fact, he poses the argument that being a moral person limits an individual from reaching
their highest potential in which he refers to as "higher men." However, when it comes to my
counterargument, I actually believe that being a moral individual makes your life better as
well as those around you. Making moral decisions allows for us to practice more good that
will have a positive effect on those around you. I personally feel like Friedrich Nietzsche
chooses to make the "higher men" more of a priority instead of the more happiness that
moral individuals would bring forth into the world. Even though his argument places its
focus on the anomaly to the rule, my counterargument places its focus on the heiresses of
the rule (or majority).
