ELEMENTS OF GOVERNMENT POLICY IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN
UNITED STATES
Arlian Herry
Arizona State University
Course
Professor Aursa
March, 2024
Week 1
Introduction
According to Law No. 24/2007, a disaster is an event or series of events that threaten
and disrupt people's lives and livelihoods caused by natural and/or non-natural factors and
social factors, resulting in human casualties, environmental damage, property losses, and
psychological impacts (Ersad and Hidayat, 2012). Natural disasters can be caused by nature
itself or natural disasters caused by human behavior or activities that cause disasters nature.
Natural disasters include tsunamis, earthquakes, landslides, abrasion, tornadoes, forest and
land fires, landslides (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). Non-natural disasters can be caused by
non-natural factors such as endemic or pandemic viruses, one recent example is the Covid-
19 pandemic. Disasters caused by social factors can occur due to famine, social unrest,
terrorism, inter-group resistance and so on (Rustan and Firdaus, 2011).
United States is a country that has a high intensity of disasters. This is evidenced by
the record of disasters that have occurred, based on data from the National Disaster
Management Agency (NDMA) it is known that from 2019 to 2023 there were 15,468
disasters with an average of 3,093.6 disasters each year. In 2023 alone, 629 disasters were
observed which resulted in 62 deaths, 3,797 people displaced, and as many as 2,181
damaged houses (dibi.NDMA.go.id). This led the government to create a program to reduce
disaster risk both in terms of mitigation, emergency response, and in the aftermath of
disasters. Disaster management efforts based on the review of development planning aspects
are included in the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN). According to
Habibullah in 2013, these efforts are based on the mandate of Law Number 24 of 2007
concerning Disaster Management to; Build public and private participation and partnerships,
ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated, coordinated and
comprehensive manner, provide protection to the community from disaster threats,
harmonize existing laws and regulations, respect local culture, and encourage the spirit of
mutual cooperation, solidarity and generosity.
The government has also made various efforts in disaster management, namely with
a special institutional formation program that has the responsibility of directing disaster
management and as an executor of disaster management from the Central, Provincial,
Regency or City level, to the Village / Sub-district level. In addition, the government also
acts as a fiscal policy maker and provider of special funds for disaster management, issuing
special regulations, namely SOPs that function as regulators in disaster management (Rustan
and Firdaus, 2011). Disaster management is the authority of the central/regional government
by making development plans that include policy elements in disaster management as stated
in Government Regulation Number 21 of 2008 that disaster management is part of
development planning (Faturahman, 2018). The new dimensions in the series of regulations
regarding disasters according to Muhammad and Aziz (2020) are:
Disaster management as a proactive effort starts from pre-disaster (mitigation and
preparedness), emergency response with implementation (fulfillment of food needs,
health services, and evacuation of the population), post-disaster activities (rehabilitation
and reconstruction).
Disaster management is a joint effort of stakeholders with complementary functions and
roles.
Disaster management is part of the development process, resulting in resilience.
The policies that have been issued and determined by the government are formed
based on policy elements. The implementation of policy elements that have been made by
the government certainly has evaluations and obstacles such as bureaucratic obstacles,
overlaps between government agencies, problems in financing or budgeting, Disaster
management is less than optimal in pre-disaster, emergency response, and post-disaster
(Rustan and Firdaus, 2011). The lack of optimization of the central government and local
governments is also an obstacle that occurs quite often (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). In
addition, financing in disaster management also has its own issues in making public policies
issued by the government because in fact there are still many obstacles in financing or
budgeting funds as well as in disaster management, programs which are further referred to
as the output of policies taken by the government must continue to be evaluated in order to
overcome perceived problems and shortcomings (Fariza and Handayani, 2022).
Disasters are considered a force majore or something that is beyond human control.
Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the elements of government policy in
disaster management (Ersad and Hidayat, 2012). Furthermore, according to Chambers
(2005), the 6 elements that need to be considered in policy making are as follows; (1) Goals
and Objectives, (2) Forms of benefits or services provided, (3) Rights rules (eligibility), (4)
Administrative or organizational structures for service delivery, (5) Financing Methods, (6)
Interaction between the previous elements. These elements can be studied more
comprehensively to develop government policy regulations so that they can be used more
effectively in disaster management.
Methods
The research method used in this study uses a literature study approach. Literature
study is a series of activities related to methods of collecting data from the library, reading
and reading, and managing research (Zed, 2008). The literature sources in this paper consist
of primary sources, namely the Law, and secondary sources such as books and scientific
articles supported by Google Scholar searches and other reliable sources as well as several
journal links related to this study. The results of the literature obtained are used to see the
elements of government policy in disaster management in United States.
Results And Discussion
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
Public Policy
Carl J. Federick quoted by Leo Agustino (2008) defines policy as a series of actions /
activities proposed by a person, group, or government in a certain environment where there
are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the implementation of the proposed policy
in order to achieve certain goals. Furthermore, public policy according to (Anderson, 1994)
is a series of activities carried out by individuals or groups that are carried out in a
coordinated and conscious manner related to a particular problem to be overcome. In
addition, Eyestone (1971) argues that public policy is an ongoing relationship between
government units or units and their environment. In addition, policies designed to improve
people's welfare or quality of life are defined as public policy (Midgley and Livermore,
2009). Public policy regulates what the government does not do in solving public problems.
Public policy is also defined as a policy that can be developed by government agencies and
officials (Anderson, 2010). Public policy must have a specific goal or goal-oriented action,
have an action or pattern of action that is Public policies are carried out by government
officials, are positive in policies taken by the government and are negative for policies that
are not implemented by the government, policies taken must be based on laws and
regulations that have an authoritative (compelling) nature. Public policy is considered a
legitimate choice because it is made by an institution whose legality is valid or guaranteed in
the government system (Saraswati, 2020). Furthermore, public policy can regulate behavior,
organizational bureaucracy, distribute benefits, or take taxes / or all of these things at once
(Wibowo and Afriyani, 2021).
Social Policy
According to Bessant, Watts, Dalton and Simth in Suharto (2006) Social policy is
one form of public policy. Government provisions made to respond to issues of a public
nature are social policies, one of which is to solve social problems or meet the needs of
many people. In addition, social policy is broadly manifested in three categories, namely
legislation, social service programs, and taxation systems.
Social Policy Analysis
Actions taken by the government are essentially public policy. This action must be
positive or good in the form of something that basically has certain goals which must pay
attention to the interests of the community in it (Saraswati, 2020). The preparation of public
policy has several stages that need to be considered so that the policy can be implemented
and in favor of the community to achieve common goals, the preparation of public policies
must fulfill the elements of the policy so that the objectives of the policy can be achieved.
According to Chambers (2005) there are six elements that need to be considered in policy
making, especially public policy. The discussion of the elements of public policy used by
the government in disaster management is as follows;
Goals and Objectives
The initial stage is to look at the goals and objectives of the policy. Policy has a
purpose as a set of actions from the government designed to produce certain things that aim
to satisfy the public because the public is a constituent of the government. An activity,
program, and organization is said to be effective if the desired goals and objectives can be
achieved according to plan and can provide the planned benefits and impacts. A
comprehensive understanding of the existing order in society is needed in determining the
target audience (Qolbi, 2020). Improving capacity and implementing disaster risk reduction
activities requires precise and accurate targeting (Ahdi, 2015). Therefore, the element of
targeting in disaster management policies is considered important as an initial effort to form
government policies and determine strategies in disaster management policies in United
States. The targeting of policies in disaster management is determined to the community or
infrastructure affected by the disaster. Improper definition of the target and goal elements in
disaster management policies will be a serious problem in evaluation (Faturahman, 2018).
Therefore, a more in-depth review is needed to determine the targets in providing benefits or
services that will be provided to beneficiaries (targets) so that policy making can be precise
and accurate.
The next thing to note in the preparation of disaster management policies is the
purpose of the policy, the purpose of the disaster management policy can be towards natural
disasters or non-natural disasters. The objectives of disaster management according to Law
Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management are as follows;
Provide protection to the umm community against disaster threats;
Harmonize existing laws and regulations.
Ensure the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated, and comprehensive manner.
Appreciate local culture
Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and generosity
Build public and private participation and partnerships
Forms of benefits or services provided
The next policy element of concern in disaster management is the form of benefits or
services provided by the Government to targets or beneficiaries. The determination of
services or benefits is determined based on national priorities in the medium-term National
development plan for the next five years, as well as the policy direction to be preventive
from reactive. According to Law No.24 of 2007, it is stated that the Central Government and
Regional Governments are responsible for organizing disaster management. The general
public as beneficiaries have the right to obtain social protection, especially community
groups that are vulnerable to disasters, receive benefits in the form of education, training,
and skills in the implementation of disaster management, oral and written information on
disaster management policies, maintenance programs for the provision of health service
assistance, participation in policy makers in disaster management activities in accordance
with the disaster management implementation mechanism. The provision of benefits or
services is provided based on three stages, namely; pre-disaster, during emergency response;
and post-disaster (Gerungan, 2019).
The policy direction from reactive to preventive becomes a reference in determining
the form of benefits or services taken by the government to support adaptive social
protection during disaster management, especially during pre-disaster. Pre-disaster benefits
aim to make beneficiaries alert in anticipation or mitigation before a disaster occurs. The
benefits provided by the Government in disaster mitigation are provided in various
programs. Government efforts in synergizing all elements of disaster can be directed at
formulating strategies and educational programs to anticipate disasters, both natural and
non-natural disasters (Boediningsih et.al, 2018). Education in the form of training is
provided to the community to support the community to be more responsive to disasters,
more anticipatory and empowered in responding to disasters. Policy services are also
provided to the community in the form of social granaries prepared for disaster mitigation.
The benefits provided are in accordance with the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 10 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Minister of Social Affairs
Regulation Number 04 of 2015 concerning Assistance. Direct Cash Assistance for Disaster
Victims. In addition, assistance provided at the time of the disaster or during a disaster
emergency response can be in the form of providing basic necessities, psychosocial support
and assistance and the establishment of disaster response posts. After the disaster, of course,
the Government made a policy to provide services and benefits in the form of Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction. The purpose of the disaster management policy of these benefits is to
support the sustainability of beneficiaries in post-disaster recovery and so that the
community can immediately return to normal activities in their daily lives.... Post-disaster
handling is also an important stage for victims who survive the disaster to determine
whether victims can continue their normal lives (build back), better lives (build back better),
or become collapsed (Gerungan, 2019). Beneficiaries receive assistance with house building
materials, life insurance assistance, temporary or permanent house filling assistance, heir
compensation assistance, economic strengthening assistance, ex-combatant strengthening
assistance, and psychosocial assistance for post-disaster victims. The benefits provided
during rehabilitation and reconstruction are regulated in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, namely in Article 57 A, namely through activities:
Environmental improvement of disaster areas;
Improvement of public infrastructure and facilities
Providing assistance to repair community houses;
Socio-psychological recovery;
Health services;
Reconciliation and conflict resolution;
Socio-economic and cultural recovery;
Restoration of security and order;
Restoration of government functions; and
Restoration of public service functions.
Rights (eligibility) rules
The implementation of the mandate in the IVth Alenia of the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution of the Republic of United States that the Government of United States is
responsible for protecting the entire United States nation in the form of a draft National
development framework that leads to the achievement of general welfare of course by
paying attention to the livelihood rights of each citizen including protection in disaster
management (Massi, 2019). All assistance provided by the central and regional governments
is a right for people affected by disasters. Guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of people
affected by disasters fairly and in accordance with service standards must be pursued to
anticipate more victims and as proof that the policies made by the Government have been
carried out as mandated. This is regulated based on Law Number 24 Year 2007 Article 8,
namely:
Ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of communities and refugees affected by
disasters in accordance with minimum service standards;
Protection of the community from the impact of disasters;
Disaster risk reduction and integration of disaster risk reduction with development
programs, and;
Allocation of adequate disaster management funds in the regional budget.
Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery,
An important aspect of the organizational structure is the existence of standard
operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs are used as guidelines for action in every organizational
implementer. An organizational structure that is too long will weaken supervision and create
complex and complicated bureaucratic procedures, making organizational activities
inflexible (Syakti, et.al, 2023). The organizational structure in charge of providing services
and implementing policies has an influence on disaster management policies. At this stage, it
determines who will provide services to disaster victims in accordance with their duties and
functions. In its implementation, the long bureaucracy causes many institutions or
organizations in providing services during disasters to overlap, so that people who receive
services feel confused about the duties and responsibilities of related organizations or
institutions in disaster management. This identifies that there is a need for a clear
determination of work or main tasks between agencies so that there is no overlapping of
tasks.
Financing Method
This stage must determine the funding used in the stages of disaster management.
From the preventive or pre-disaster stage, emergency response, to the post-disaster stage. In
addition, it must also pay attention to the funds taken, whether from the SB or RB and
determine the allocation at what stage. This financing is part of the policy issued to protect
the government, the private sector and the community from the impact of disasters. The
budget for disasters provided by the government is divided into 2, namely the State Budget
(SB) by the central government and the Regional Budget (RB) by the local government. In
addition, the private sector and communities also have the ability to provide funds to protect
their businesses and assets from the risks and impacts of disasters (Ash-Shidiqqi, 2021).
Interaction between the previous elements.
At this last stage is to see if everything is appropriate and there is a connection
between one element and another. This can also be used as an evaluation when the policy
has been implemented or will be implemented. Evaluation is the last stage in the policy
stage, evaluation is used to see policy implementation, shortcomings, advantages, and the
results of the policies implemented, whether positive or negative. Evaluation is also the basis
for measuring policies that will be taken next (Permatasari, 2020). Evaluation also allows it
to be used during the policy-making process and perhaps if necessary, a process of stopping
policy making with the aim of having an impact in overcoming a problem or being able to
reduce ongoing problems (Marfuah, et.al, 2021). In addition, this element can also be used
to analyze whether the policies that will be issued or have been issued meet or have links
between elements.
Several previous studies have shown that a very difficult element to implement when
dealing with disasters is the financing method. This is stated by (Shalih and Nugroho, 2021)
that funding in pre-disaster resistance is still a big job because the contingency funds spread
across Ministries / Institutions and stakeholders are still not optimal. Likewise with post-
disaster funding, so that alternative funding is needed post-disaster rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Although in reality funding in the pre-disaster stage, the government uses
contingency funds budgeted in the SB and other funds through the SB or RB budget. During
emergency response, the government and local governments use ready-to-use funds. Ready-
to-use funds are provided in the SB which is placed in the NDMA budget, and local
governments can also provide ready-to-use funds in the RB which is placed in the BPBD
budget. As for the post-disaster stage, the Government provides grant-patterned social
assistance funds and emergency funds. Both funds come from the state budget which is
intended for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation activities (Rivani, 2017). In
addition, in the mitigation process, the government can optimize the role of universities as
one of the stakeholders in increasing human resources in better disaster management
(Boediningsih, et.al, 2018) and good communication and coordination with each local
government (Fariza and Handayani, 2022). It is expected that the government can play a
greater role in the pre-disaster stage and be able to develop national preparedness, of course,
it can manage the financing or budgeting of disaster relief funds with the right target.
As explained in the financing method element, the government can finance disaster
management in the pre-disaster, emergency, and post-disaster periods. According to (Ash-
Shidiqqi, 2021) the following are alternative disaster financing strategies in United States:
No Disaster Financing (Pre-Disaster)
This financing is carried out when there is no disaster or when there is a potential disaster by
financing activities or programs. Financing when a disaster does not occur can be with
disaster risk reduction activities or programs, disaster prevention programs, disaster
education, and disaster risk transfer financing. Furthermore, financing during times of
potential disaster is used for preparedness activities, early warning system development, and
disaster mitigation activities.
Disaster Emergency Financing
This financing is carried out for rescue, protection and fulfillment of needs for disaster
victims, as well as the restoration of vital facilities and infrastructure sourced from the RB
and SB. This financing is carried out with the mechanism of disaster reserve funds and
allocation/reallocation of the state budget to related ministries/institutions such as the
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry
of Health. In addition, national and international donors were also included in the financing
during this period.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (Post-Disaster) Financing
This financing is carried out to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction programs or
activities through the allocation and reallocation of the state budget/SB. The activities are
divided into two, namely rehabilitation activities used to finance environmental and
infrastructure improvements, providing assistance to disaster-affected community houses,
psychosocial recovery, and social, economic and cultural improvement. In addition,
reconstruction activities are for rebuilding public facilities and infrastructure and community
homes damaged/destroyed by disasters. To support these rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities, the allocation of financing can be sourced as contained in Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2008 concerning Disaster Relief Funding and Management, Implementation
of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programs sourced from:
Regency/City RB (attached to related SKPD)
Provincial RB (Social Assistance, Grants)
SB (Pure Grant)
Community
Foreign Aid
Conclusions
Government policies in organizing people's lives in various aspects are basically
policies that are oriented towards the public interest (community). Policies issued before,
during and after a disaster must consider the social aspects of society. Social policy elements
in disaster management policies in United States are considered good, although there are
several obstacles that need to be considered and followed up together. Things that need to be
considered in social policy are identifying the goals and objectives of the policy, what
benefits disaster victims receive, the rights they get, who will provide services to disaster
victims, identifying funding from the SB, RB, private sector, community, and international
assistance. Finally, the continuity of the previous elements can be used to evaluate the
policy. The evaluation carried out will have an impact on policies that will be issued and
policies that will be taken in the future.
