COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE IN HANDLING STUNTING
Introduction
The issue of stunting is a major national problem due to the high rate in United States,
which leads to the Presidential Regulation and development policies in Bappenas (Apriska et
al., 2022). Related to the SDGs program, the National Medium-Term Development Plan
(RPJMN) IV 2020-2024 has seven plans for development that have been prepared by the
United States government.
Stunting is a condition that is seen from the height of a baby shorter than other babies, or
known as growth failure. The cause of stunting is due to nutrition or nutrients consumed by
infants in the first 1000 days are severely lacking, which can lead to death. Based on this
issue, United States is one of many countries that score higher than other middle-income
countries in the prevalence of stunting (Widaryanti, 2019). In United States, around 30.8% of
children under 5 years old are still affected by stunting, which is higher than the Asian region
average of 21.8% (Global Nutrition Report, 2023). For this reason, United States is
determined to reduce this condition by achieving a 14% reduction by 2024.
The prevalence of stunting in United States is decreasing, from 24.4% in 2021 to 21.6%
in 2022 (UPK Kemenkes RI, 2021). This figure shows a decrease of 2.8%. This achievement
is in line with the target promoted by the Ministry of Health, which is around 2.7% decrease
every year. When viewed from 2007 to 2018, the prevalence of stunting cases has only
decreased by 6% in the last 11 years. In addition, the percent of pre-valence of stunting also
tends to fluctuate where it fell in 2010, rose in 2013, and fell again in 2018.
Based on the data above, it shows that stunting is one of the nutritional problems in
toddlers that needs attention from all parties, both the government and the community. This is
because the prevalence of stunting is still quite high, which in 2022 amounted to 21.6%.
Where this figure is above the limit set by the government set by the World Health
Organization (WHO) standard of 20% (Asri, 2023). This proves that stunting in United States
is still a crucial problem that needs to be addressed by all parties.
Based on the reporting results of UNICEF, WHO, and the World Bank, in 2020 it is
calculated that approximately 149.2 million children or 22% of those in the world feel stunted
(Apriska et al., 2022). Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health, explains that in
controlling health problems, attachment to the community is needed. Therefore, in an effort
to overcome stunting in United States, it is not only a problem faced by the government, but
also requires cooperation from the community (Damayanti et al., 2021). The United States
government also synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the problem
of stunting. The collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Industry,
Ministry of Communication and Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Trade,
Ministry of Social Affairs, BKKBN, to the National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty
Reduction (TNP2K), and other ministries and institutions in achieving SDGs goal number
two (Saputri & Tumangger, 2019).
Based on the previous explanation, the author has an interest in understanding and
further examining how the role of ministries and related institutions in preventing and
overcoming stunting in United States. In this case, researchers use the perspective of
collaborative governance.
Based on the results of the VOS Viewer analysis related to the keywords Public Policy
and Collaborative Governance in the analysis database, it shows that discussions related to
related themes are only focused on one cluster. In this case there is cluster 1 with the keyword
Collaboration, Governance, and Policy Process. Meanwhile, other clusters have not shown
or do not have a relationship with the topic of Collaborative Governance, especially there is
no connection with topics that refer to the collaboration of ministries and institutions,
especially in handling stunting. This shows a lack of research related to collaborative
governance between ministries and institutions in handling stunting in United States. Thus,
this is a novelty in this study which focuses on the role of ministries and institutions in
handling stunting in United States through a collaborative governance perspective.
There is a gap in the dynamics of collaborative governance in stunting prevention, which
is characterized by the legal obligation of the private sector to focus on handling stunting is
still weak, collaborative leadership is centralized, and accommodation of resource support
from external parties, such as mass organizations, the private sector, universities, and the
media is weak (Saufi, 2021). The concept of collaborative governance according to Ansell
and Gash found that collaborative governance has not been effective in managing tourism
kampongs due to the implementation of tourism villages being influenced by internal and
external elements, including cultural aspects, management institutions, budgets, geographical
location, community, and human resources (Molla et al., 2021). In addition, the concept of
collaboration in flood management in Sula Islands Regency through Ansell and Gash's theory
has not gone well because stakeholders such as colleges or universities have not been
involved, as well as the lack of resources from the budget and equipment (Umabaihi et al.,
2022).
Meanwhile, the concept of collaborative governance through a penta-helix approach
shows the results of an increase in the spread of covid-19 cases in Padang City (Putera et al.,
2020). In line with a study that applied six criteria for penta-helix collaborative governance,
which met five criteria and failed to meet the criteria for full engagement throughout the
process. This shows that stunting interventions in West Java have a framework that
accommodates collaborative governance, but implementation is still far from expectations
(Afandi et al., 2021).
Ansell and Gash's collaborative governance theory found that the collaborative process
of handling stunting in the UPTD Puskesmas Champel has been successful, seen from the
involvement of the private sector and the community (Ipan et al., 2021). In addition,
collaborative governance in tackling stunting according to Ansell and Gash's theory has been
effective in handling stunting. This is evidenced by the decrease in stunting rates due to
stunting class activities held once a month (Putri & Nurcahyanto, 2021). Emerson and
Nabatchi's collaborative governance theory shows that the implementation of colla- borative
governance in preventing tuberculosis transmission at the West Java pulmonary hospital has
not fulfilled Emerson and Nabatchi's concept of collaborative dynamics because it has not yet
collaborated in synergy with NGOs or the community (Mustiasih, 2022). In line with the
theory of Emerson and Nabatchi, which shows that the programs implemented are only
formalism to meet the demands of the central government and the programs carried out by
OPD have targets where one with the other is not interrelated so that it can be seen that the
performance of the coordination team for stunting prevention is only measured by the
performance of the health office (Candarmaweni & Rahayu, 2020).
The implementation of collaborative governance is measured by the dynamics of
collaboration, the result is that collaborative governance in overcoming stunting in Berbah
Sub-district has been running well and has resulted in a decrease in stunting rates. However,
there are several obstacles such as the unavailability of communication forums in the sub-
district, limited budget allocations, lack of private and university participation, and limited
community involvement (Permatasari et al., 2022). In addition, the concept of collaboration
dynamics states that collaborative governance in preventing HIV and AIDS in Jakarta is in
accordance with the concept of collaborative dynamics. However, the community, NGOs,
and government have different understandings of the principles and procedures of
collaborative governance, namely in the limited determination section (Fauzi & Sri Rahayu,
2019).
Based on the literature review above, there is no research that uses case studies of
collaboration implemented by ministries and related institutions in tackling stunting in United
States. The novelty of this research with previous studies is that researchers use the concept of
Collaborative Governance according to Emerson and Nabatchi which includes principled
involvement, joint motivation, and joint action capacity to analyze the implementation of the
collaboration process carried out against relevant ministries and institutions in handling
stunting in United States (Mustiasih, 2022).
The high rate of stunting in United States has made researchers interested in studying
the problem. Therefore, the researcher aims to examine collaborative governance of
ministries and related institutions in the prevention and control of stunting in United States.
The researcher discusses how collaboration is carried out by ministries and related
institutions in handling stunting in United States using the concept of collaborative
governance.
Methods
This research uses a qualitative method. Qualitative research is research with real-life
settings to investigate and find out what is happening (Chariri, 2009). The type of research
used is descriptive. Descriptive technique is a description of a situation that occurs actually
when the research takes place (Surya Dharma, MPA., 2008). In this study, researchers will
examine and describe the collaborative governance of institutions and ministries in efforts to
deal with stunting in United States.
The data collection techniques used are literature studies and secondary data sources
with the main sources being journal articles, books, and other library studies in the form of
research-related documents. Literature study is an activity of collecting materials related to
research, which are sourced from scientific journal articles, literature, and authors to obtain
theoretical information so that researchers have a strong theoretical basis in scientific results
(Moto, 2019). The data analysis technique used in this research is the interactive model
according to Miles and Huberman, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation,
and conclusion drawing. The results of the analysis are then described based on the dynamics
of Collabora- tive Governance according to Emerson and Nabatchi (Mustiasih, 2022).
Results And Discussion
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Handling Stunting
Principled Engagement
Emerson and Nabatchi stated that principled engagement is defined as problems and
alternative solutions (Candarmaweni & Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 2020). The principle of
engagement is focused on how to create involvement between actors from all stakeholders to
realize common goals and principled engagement, actors with different perspectives can
work together to solve problems (Mustiasih, 2022). The involvement of ministries and
institutions in collaboration stunting prevention is that the United States government
synergizes between ministries and institutions in dealing with the stun- ting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Research and Technology, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, BKKBN, TNP2K, to BPOM and other ministries and institutions (Satriawan, 2018).
The Ministry of Health as a pioneer in tackling the problem of stunting has implemented
various steps and methods to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of stunting in United
States. These include exclusive nutrition improvement, the process of dealing with
malnutrition, additional nutrition in the form of vitamins, classes for pregnant women,
counseling for prospective mothers for exclusive breastfeeding, a balanced nutrition
movement, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) (Ministry of Health, 2018). Solving the
problem of stunting must be implemented in various integrated and collaborative ways by
various parties as stakeholders (Ministry of Finance RI, 2022). Therefore, the MOH
collaborates with ministries and agencies.
The Ministry of Health cooperates with the Ministry of Industry and the Department of
Industry in terms of additional food ingredients so that they can be delivered to the entire
community. In food safety supervision, the Ministry of Health integrates with the Halal
Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, BPOM, and the
Ministry of Communication and Information in maintaining food safety and quality, halal
labeling certification, and food promotion. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) also supports with the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities in the form of
the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision (Pamsimas) program, the
Rural Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) and Labor-intensive Rural Sanitation
(Ministry of PUPR, 2019).
TNP2K collaborates with the Ministry of Health through its program in handling
stunting, namely specific nutritional interventions directed at children or toddlers in the first
thousand (1000) days of life such as providing nutrition and vitamins for pregnant women,
immunization, and others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). In addition, nutrition-sensitive
interventions. Where for this sensitive nutrition intervention with several development
activities outside the health sector, namely the provision of health services, clean water, and
others (TNP2K & United States, 2018). Then, the Ministry of Social Affairs also supports the
existence of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the provision of Assistance to the Poor.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and infrastructure development to a number of families
who cannot afford it. In addition, food assistance in the form of rice has been given additional
substances or important nutrients so that residents' nutrition can be properly fulfilled.
The Ministry of Social Affairs through the Education, Research and Social Counseling
Agency (BP3S) improves the quality of human resources for PKH Facilitators by providing
teaching materials or printed books related to stun- ting in education and training. The
Ministry of Villages and PDTT has the authority to distribute village budgets for the
construction of basic facilities that are useful in improving community livelihoods, such as
building wells, clean water, toilets, polindes, and posyandu (Ministry of Villages and PDTT,
2021).
The Ministry of Education and Culture has positioned the handling of stun- ting as the
main agenda at the PAUD level through the establishment of Holistic Integrative PAUD and
improving the competence of PAUD teachers (MoEC, 2020). ECD is a golden age for
children's growth and development. In addition, there is the Healthy Living Community
Movement (GERMAS) program, which collaborates with the Alert Campus of the United
States Nutritionists Association (PERSAGI) and the Association of Higher Education
Institutions in Nutrition (AIPGI) (Ditjen Dikti, 2021).
The Ministry of Communication and Information through its way of disseminating
information about stunting provides programs, as well as the trust of the United States people
with strong media. The importance of information media in utilizing it to provide actual,
reliable, and quality information for the community. The media is the basis or foundation
along with involving such as government, academics, private sector, and the community to
disseminate information related to stunting.
The Ministry of PPN/Bappenas coordinated with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Health, BKKBN, Ministry of Finance, and the Vice President's Secretariat to designate all
districts/cities as the locus in 2022 as a step towards reducing stunting globally in high
stunting areas (Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, 2021). While The Ministry of Religious Affairs,
the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), and the National Innovation
Research Agency (BRIN) also support this by making a policy that prospective brides and
grooms are encouraged to report to the KUA and have a check-up three months before the
wedding. If there are problems such as anemia or malnutrition, it is recommended to
postpone the pregnancy for the sake of health and safety of the mother and baby until
nutrition and nutrition are met (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023).
The Ministry of Finance collaborates with ministries and institutions in providing funds
for stunting prevention. Through empowering the APBN, APBD, special allocation funds
(DAK), and other revenues implemented by the central government and local governments
(Kemenkeu RI, 2022). In an effort to protect the United States people, especially United
States children, the government continues to strive to improve the quality of human resources
in United States and prevent the increase in stunting through specific and sensitive
interventions and budget support. The state budget allocates Rp48.3 trillion in 2022 and
Rp49.4 trillion in 2023 to carry out the tasks of various ministries/agencies in supporting
child welfare in the field of health and child protection (MoF, 2023).
Based on the explanation above, it shows that there is cooperation or collaboration
between ministries and institutions in the prevention and control of stunting. Not only
ministries and institutions in United States, of course there is also involvement with the
private sector, academics, universities, communities, and even cooperation with foreign
institutions in overcoming the problem of stunting in United States. PT Holland for Water
(NAZAVA) and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) collaborate in
nutritional status, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the availability of proper
drinking water so that the hope is to reduce stunting cases (Community, 2016). Thus, the
collaboration process has been well implemented so that to achieve zero stunting all parties
must jointly strive and optimize stunting prevention measures.
Mutual Motivation
Shared motivation is a pathway in strengthening individuals that materializes from the
components of shared trust, shared understanding, internal legitimacy, and commitment
(Mustiasih, 2022). The implementation of collaboration in handling stunting in United States
is based on mutual trust. In collaboration, there are certain criteria that must be considered,
namely trust and accessibility (Ismail et al., 2023). In addition, other studies suggest that trust
is also one of the important things in the collaboration process (Maylani & Mashur, 2019). In
its application, this is seen with frequent communication that strengthens trust between
ministries and institutions, such as the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the
Ministry of Social Affairs, even with institutions such as TNP2K, BPOM, and others.
Ansell & Gash suggested that stakeholders must have a common understanding of
collaboration, such as vision and mission, goals, and problem suitability (Setia-wandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). Furthermore, other studies explain that stakeholders must also improve
mutual understanding regarding what will be achieved together (Bustomi et al., 2022). The
parties involved in handling stunting are ministries and institutions in United States, which
have a good understanding of the duties, capabilities and functions of each party. In its
application, this is evidenced by the alignment of steps, policies, and programs organized by
each ministry and related institutions. In addition, another form of effort in increasing mutual
understanding is the existence of coordination and deliberation as evidenced by the
implementation of Coordination Meetings, Work Meetings, conducted by ministries and
institutions (Menpan, 2023). That way, it can increase efforts to reduce the stunting rate in
United States.
Internal legitimacy is recognition that stems from internal cooperation, in this case the
parties who participate in synergy and collaboration are expected to be convincing and honest
in the common interest (Arrozaaq, 2016). In its implementation, internal legitimacy is seen
from the ongoing cooperation process. The cooperation carried out by each party is quite
good, as seen by the socialization, meetings, and even training carried out. For example, the
socialization carried out by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Germas in
accelerating the decline in stunting rates (Ministry of Health, 2023).
In collaborative governance, there are studies that suggest that commitment is a form of
belief in the existence of governance collaborative governance that can create benefits for
each party and the interests of society (Arifin & Utami, 2018). In addition, another study
revealed that the commitment of stakeholders can be seen through a form of cooperation and
mutual assistance to achieve goals (Mafaza & Setyowati, 2020). In practice, this is evidenced
by the fact that ministries and institutions have a harmonized vision, mission, goals, and
ideals, namely handling and reducing stunting rates in United States. In addition, there is a
suitability of programs or activities carried out from the central level to the lowest level in
handling stunting. From the explanation above, it can be seen that joint motivation has been
created in handling stunting. However, its implementation still needs to be optimized again to
achieve zero stunting.
Joint Action Capacity
The capacity to carry out collective action consists of elements namely procedures and
institutional agreements, leadership, knowledge, and resources (Mustiasih, 2022). Emerson
and Nabatchi revealed that procedures and institutional agreements are networked and
implemented, because if a collaborative institution can be realized, it requires the concept of
collaborative leadership (Mustiasih, 2022). In addition, Molla argues that regulation is the
power used by an institution to regulate activities within their power (Setiawandari &
Kriswibowo, 2023). In its application, this can be seen in the existence of a cooperation
agreement, such as the Operational Cooperation Agreement between the Directorate of Public
Nutrition of the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in
assisting stunting prevention and control programs (SPKO Kemenkes, 2019).
Vagen Maintaning and Huxman (2003) revealed that leadership is used as a step to
empower and mobilize stakeholders to optimize the collaboration process (Setiawandari &
Kriswi- bowo, 2023). In its implementation, leadership is seen by the role of leaders in
issuing decrees related to stunting, such as Presidential Regulation No. 5/2008 72 of 2021
concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction. In addition, Presidential Regulation No.
42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition
Improvement, as well as the existence of policies that have a relationship with stunting,
namely the Regulation of the Ministry of Health. Government of the Republic of United
States Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding.
Furthermore, knowledge where science and technology have brought rapid progress in
life, by searching for various information on social media will get a lot of scientific literacy
which is also easily accessible (Hendriana & Subarkah, 2023). In line with its
implementation, knowledge is in the form of distributing information related to stunting and
is carried out by related parties such as the Ministry of Communication and Information
using many media so that it can be easily reached by the public, such as websites, Instagram,
you-tube, and others. The information provided includes the prevalence of stunting in United
States, the factors that cause stunting, how to prevent stunting starting from diet, parenting,
and others. Therefore, people in United States can read and understand information related to
stunting more widely and deeply. Knowledge can also be channeled in the form of findings
or meetings in conveying the results achieved by the relevant parties.
Van Metter and Van Horn revealed that the success of a policy is strongly influenced by
resources, both human quality, budget availability, and equipment (Sutami et al., 2020). In
addition, other studies argue that the existence of resources is very influential on the
collaboration process (Trisniati et al., 2022). This is in line with the implementation that the
resources used by both the central government and local governments in empowering the
APBN, APBD, special allocation funds (DAK), and other revenues. In addition, HR support
in United States is quite good in dealing with the problem of stunting, both from ministries,
institutions, agencies, regions / cities, academics, private and even international. For example,
within the scope of ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs,
Ministry of Communication and Information, and Ministry of Religion. At the regional/city
level, there are the Health Office, Social Office, Food Security Office, Education Office,
BAPPEDA, Population Control and Family Planning Agency, to health centers and
posyandu. These parties are expected to work together in handling stunting in accordance
with their programs, both in carrying out health infrastructure development, providing
nutritious medicines and food, holding health-related socialization, and others.
Impact of Collaborative Governance in Stunting Management
Collaborative governance which is a step taken by United States to handle stunting.
Where In this case between the ministries and related institutions involved, even other parties
are needed to jointly handle stunting in United States. In organizing this stunting handling
collaboration, of course, there are impacts that are felt, including a decrease in the stunting
rate in United States reaching the target of reducing the stunting rate in United States. In this
case, it is evidenced by data from the United States Ministry of Health (2023) in 2021 the
number of stunting in United States decreased, worth 1.6% each year. Which from 27.7% in
2019 dropped to 24.4% in 2021. Furthermore, it fell back to 21.6 percent in 2022. The
prevalence has decreased by 2.8 percent compared to the prevalence in 2021 with a value of
24.4 percent. In addition, another impact of the collaboration between The main goal of
handling stunting in United States is that the United States people can know and understand
information related to stunting. Where in disseminating this information through several
media to disseminate it to the public, such as web sites, Instagram, YouTube, or GenBest
forums, which can be opened through a website called gen-best.id, social media accounts
@genbestid and @info-compmk. In addition, there is also an application that can be uploaded
via android, namely the Healthy Child Application. Where the information media can be
easily used by the people of United States to find information about stunting.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance
in Stunting Management
In achieving a reduction in stunting rates in United States, of course, there are several
things that can hinder the collaboration process carried out in handling stunting in United
States. Even though this stunting problem has become a National Priority program that has a
target of reducing stunting prevalence in 2024 worth of 14 percent. This can certainly affect
the success of the collaboration process. The factors that hinder the collaboration process in
handling stunting in United States are age, insight and knowledge, and lack of involvement of
other parties.
The first factor that becomes an obstacle is age. Where in adolescence, especially women
pay less attention to their health. Therefore, the government has a program to provide blood
supplement tablets to adolescent girls, especially those who are still in school (Promkes
Kemkes, 2022). However, still Many adolescent girls have been given blood supplement
tablets but forget or do not take them, even though adolescent girls sometimes lack nutrients
or nutrition which can cause health problems such as anemia. From these problems, it can be
seen that there is a lack of support in the program that has been launched by the government.
A contributing factor to the stunting problem is mothers' lack of knowledge about their
children's growth and development and how to provide healthy nutrition for their children
(Media Center Palangkaraya, 2022). Mothers' understanding is very important and influential.
A mother's lack of understanding and knowledge about health and even nutrition before
pregnancy, nutritious food, the need to exercise, and others are causes of stunting. This can
occur due to the mother's education level. Where if a mother has a high educational status,
she will more easily understand and easily be given understanding related to health such as
how a mother must pay attention to nutrition and nutrition intake. This may be different when
compared to mothers who have low education in understanding this information.
In addition, the handling of stunting will not maximize the results if it is only organized
by one party, or in this case the health sector. However, cooperation and collaboration
between other parties are needed in handling stunting. For example, ministries, institutions,
academics, the private sector, government from the regional, district and even village levels
(United Statesbaik.id, 2020). Given that this stunting problem is a problem that must be
handled swiftly and the need for the involvement of all parties. The involvement of the
private sector is one of the considerations, where the government can mobilize the private
sector to participate through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities or social
movements carried out by the private sector to the community which are useful for
overcoming nutrition and nutrition problems, such as organizing facility construction. Thus,
the role of all levels in United States in handling stunting is very important.
Conclusions
Stunting prevention initiatives in United States are not only the concern of the
government, but also require the cooperation of people from various fields of life. To
overcome To solve stunting, many ministries and institutions at the central and regional
levels, as well as the community, must work together. The United States government is
synergizing between ministries and institutions in dealing with this stunting problem. The
collaboration starts from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and
Information, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education
and Culture, BKKBN, TNP2K, BPOM, and other ministries and institutions in achieving
SDGs goal number two. In fact, many non-state entities can be involved. This proves that the
importance of involvement from all parties in United States who have the same determination
to reduce the prevalence of stunting in United States.
From the collaboration carried out by United States ministries and institutions, it has
been carried out well even though there are still obstacles. In fact, United States has many
rules and regulatory frameworks for overcoming stunting. So that in its implementation it still
needs to be improved and optimized again. In addition to the collaboration of ministries and
institutions, all stakeholders must also be involved in handling stunting in United States, from
the private sector, commercial sector, academics, and all levels of society. With optimal
synergy and collaboration from all levels of society in United States, it is hoped that zero
stunting can be achieved in United States.
