Influence on Old French and Middle English
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Most French words of Germanic origin came from Frankish, often replacing the Latin
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000
stem words from Old Franconian.[24] Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
French: jardin 'garden'), war (e.g. French: guerre 'war') or social organization (e.g. French: baron
'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation, France (Francia),
meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region, Île-de-
France, was also given by the Franks.[25]
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early langues d'oïl
compared to the other Romance languages, that appeared later such as Occitan, Romanian,
Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence
of Visigothic and Lombardic (both Germanic languages) on Occitan, the Romance languages of
Iberia, and Italian. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has
also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
Old Franconian has also left many etyma in the different northern langues d'oïl such as
Picard, Champenois, Bas-Lorrain and Walloon, more than in Common French, and not always
the same ones.[26]
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a
term indicates a reconstructed form of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the
phoneme w changed it to gu when entering Old French and other Romance languages; however,
the northern langues d'oil such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois
and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the
Franconian *werra ('war' < Old Northern French werre, compare Old High German werre
'quarrel'), which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Occitan, Catalan,
Spanish and Portuguese. Other examples include gant ('gauntlet', from *want) and garder ('to
guard', from *wardōn). Franconian words starting with s before another consonant developed it
into es- (e.g. Franconian skirm and Old French escremie > Old Italian scrimia > Modern French
escrime).[27]
Old French
Franconian speech habits are also responsible[citation needed] for the replacement of Latin cum
("with") with od ← apud "at", then with avuec ← apud hoc "at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish con) in Old
French (Modern French avec), and for the preservation of Latin nominative homo "man" as an
impersonal pronoun: cf. homme ← hominem "man (accusative)" and Old French hum, hom, om
→ modern on, "one" (compare Dutch man "man" and men, "one").
Middle English
Middle English also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
random (via Old French randon, Old French verb randir, from *rant "a running"), standard (via
Old French estandart, from *standhard "stand firm"), scabbard (via Anglo-French *escauberc,
from *skar-berg), grape, stale, march (via Old French marche, from *marka) among others.
Endnotes
Stefan Müller, Germanic syntax: A constraint-based view, series: Textbooks in
Language Sciences 12, Language Science Press, Berlin, 2023, p. 3
Graeme Davis, Comparative Syntax of Old English and Old Icelandic: Linguistic,
Literary and Historical Implications, series: Studies in Historical Linguistics vol. 1, Peter Lang,
Oxford / Bern / Berlin / Bruxelles / Frankfurt am Main / New York / Wien, 2006, p. 93f.
Map made after: P. A. Kerkhof: Language, law and loanwords in early medieval
Gaul: language contact and studies in Gallo-Romance phonology. Leiden, 2018, S. 24 und H.
Ryckeboer: Het Nederlands in Noord-Frankrijk. Sociolinguïstische, dialectologische en
contactlinguïstische aspecten. Gent, 1997, S. 183–184.
H. K. J. Cowan: Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde. Jahrgang 71. E.
J. Brill, Leiden, 1953, S. 166–186.
Note: The line is not the same as the later Benrath Line, which reached this position
only in the High Middle Ages.
Willemyns, Roland (11 April 2013). Dutch: Biography of a Language. OUP USA.
p.:5. ISBN:9780199858712. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Tor, D. G. (20 October 2017). The ʿAbbasid and Carolingian Empires:
Comparative Studies in Civilizational Formation. BRILL. ISBN:9789004353046. Retrieved 2
October 2020.
Harbert, Wayne Eugene (2007). The Germanic Languages. Cambridge Language
Surveys. Cambridge / New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–17.
"Runeninscriptie met het oudste Nederlands(?)" [Runic inscription with the oldest
Dutch(?)]. Museum piece information (in Dutch). Valkhof Museum. Archived from the original
on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2017. All experts agree on the meaning of the second
word: "I (he) grant(s)", and many consider the first word to be the name of the owner of the
sword that the scabbard belonged to. Opinions vary on how this name should be read, just as the
latter two words have been interpreted very differently. Keeping in mind the function of the
piece, some academics read the last word as "sword(s)".
Hans-Werner Goetz: Die „Deutschen Stämme“ als Forschungsproblem. In:
Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer, Dietrich Hakelberg (ed.): Zur Geschichte der
Gleichung „germanisch-deutsch“. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, pp. 229–253 (p. 247).
Rheinischer Fächer – Karte des Landschaftsverband Rheinland "LVR Alltagskultur
im Rheinland". Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Bernard Mees, "The Bergakker Inscription and the Beginnings of Dutch", in:
Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik: Band 56 — 2002, edited by Erika Langbroek,
Arend Quak, Annelies Roeleveld, Paula Vermeyden, published by Rodopi, 2002,
ISBNS9042015799, ISBNS9789042015791, pp. 23–26
