CIS 105
Week 1
ABCC- Chapter 1 Information Systems
Notes Book:
oMainframe Computers; are massive (roomed size) that process and store enormous amounts
of bulk data and information
oEx: credit card processers (large companies)
oThey need special air-conditioning units and fire protection systems
oMidrange Computers (sometimes called minicomputers); less powerful and smaller in
physical size then mainframe, but do same things, on a smaller/simple scale
oSmall/medium-sized businesses can afford (they can use them like a large company
would use a mainframe computer
oMicrocomputers (usually called computers or boxes); smaller than mainframes and midrange
computers, they are least powerful in terms of processing
oHave four typical configurations; desktop, laptop, tablet, and handheld
oDesktop and Laptop Computers;
oDesktop; are made to reside on a desk and is NOT portable
oLaptop; has same basic design as a desktop but made to be portable
Laptop used to be more expensive and less powerful but now the gap is
more narrowed, now the biggest difference is physical size and portability
oHandheld Computer (Personal Digital Assistants or PDAs); very small but way less powerful
than desktops or laptops, used to organize information
oHardware; physical part of the computer
oSoftware; computer programs that accomplish a specific task
oOperating system; most important aspect of system software is when this system is enabled,
it then becomes an application for software to work
oAn operating system is the software that manages the resources of the computer
Ex: memory, application programs
oApplication software does not work without system software or operating system
oOperating system (OS) (also called platform); is a collection of computer programs that work
together to manage hardware and software to ensure that they are working properly
oEx: Microsoft Winddowns, Mac iOS, Linuz, UNIX
File management; most important job of operating system, the way to store
and organize files to the memory of the computer
oGraphical user interface (GUI); simply put is the inner workings of a physical filling cabinet
that contains the file of folders that house paper files
oMultitasking; being able to have more than one application at a time
oEx: before this was a thing is someone wanted the web and a spread sheet up, they
would not be able to do it, because they could only do it one at a time
oProcess; any task a computer performs
oMemory management; cache, random access memory (RAM) (or known as primary storage),
registers and virtual memory. Memory holds data and information in an assortment of ways
oDisk storage; is a non-volatile, secondary storage on a physical device like a hard drive or
optical disk with a read/write apparatus
oFile Allocation table (FAT); made by Microsoft directs the read/write arm of the hard drive to
where data exists and accesses it upon the user’s request
oApplication software; designed to serve the user and carry out whenever task he or she is
imagines
oEx: creating a document or spreadsheet
oSystem software; requires very little, if any user intervention
oExecutes when the user chooses to run it
oBusiness computer software;
oFour basic parts;
Spreadsheets
Word processors
Databases
Presentation software
oSoftware suite/application suite/productivity suite; collection of business computer
application programs of associated functionality that share a common graphical user
interface (GUI) and have the capacity to smoothly exchange date across the
program (very important)
Ex: Microsoft Office (all the apps)
The attitude towards application software is just as important as the
software itself
how they share data:
copy and paste; allows the user to select an area in one application
(source data) copy the information to memory, switch to a different
application and then paste it to the desired area (destination)
oeasiest/basic way to share data
object linking; similar to object embedding BUT object linking is
dynamic
owhen source file is linked into the destination file both files
stay up to date
embedding (OLE); allows a user to select an entire area from ne
application and a part of another
oex: budget spreadsheet (source file) for example can be
embedded in a proposal document (destination file)
ostatic and only takes a “snapshot”
oex: when a document is reopened, it can be edited, but the
file embedded in it cannot. So, it is only as current as last
time it was embedded with info
Notes Lecture:
oEverything Changes!
oEx: Airplanes, Space, Google earth to Google Live
oEx2:MP3
1998: first portable digital audio player released
1999: MP3 play cost $450 (only held 10 songs)
2000: Samsung Uproar is first cell phone with MP3 capabilities
2001: Apple released first generation iPod
2007: Apple released first generation iPhone (with MP3 capabilities)
2014: Smartphones can hold thousands of MP3s and steam music over Wi-Fi
In 20 years, we went from nothing to having it all, it changes so fast!
oEx3: Personal Computer
1975: The Altair 8800 released (First Personal Computer) $498; only had 256
bytes of memory, no keyboard or monitor, switches entered data (0’s and 1’s- off
and on- binary), indicator lights displayed result of program
1976: Apple 1 released; Steve Jobs and Steven Wozniak form Apple Computer,
1977: Apple 2 released; color monitor, 4KB of RAM, operating system stored on
ROM, optional floppy disk to load programs and games (like Pong)
1981: The Osborne; the first “portable” Computer, weighed 24.5lbs. with 5inch
screen
1981: IBM PC 5150; business and consumer machine, hard disk support (new),
they made mostly mainframes but made this people
Now we have computers EVERYWHERE! desktops, laptops, tablets, cell
phones, TVs, DVRs, Apple Watch, Fitbit
oMoore’s Law; states that computer processing power will double every 18 months or so
includes internet size
oBusiness information technology: the study, design, implementation, support and
management of a computer-based information system, particularly software and
hardware
Important Aspects of Business Information Systems:
People
oComputers need people to work them
oUsers need to develop programs then set them to run
automatically
Competency
oGaining computer competency in business
oIf you do have computer skills you will struggle
Attitude
oPlays a vital role in gaining computer competency
oComputer is NOT magic!
oDon’t be afraid to try something that hasn’t been done before
oDon’t let failures (or perceived failures) get you down
Critical Thinking
oLearning computer can seem complicated REMEMBER K.I.S.S,
keep it simple
oTake a step back, analyze the problem, identify solutions, then
implement the solutions
oWhen you solve a problem look at the steps it took for you to
solve it, so you can do it next time for a similar problem
oWhen you are thinking critically about problems it will allow you
to always gain an advantage
Best Practice
oBest practices are management process, technique or method
that is the most effective at arriving at a desired outcome
Ex: PMI’s PMOK (collection of project management best
practices)
oImplementing best practices make the business become more
efficient, waste less resources, and provide a better
product/service
oBusiness Computer Hardware; tangible and physical aspects of computing hardware
Mainframe; HUGE room sized computers
Midrange; smaller server type computers
Microcomputer; this is what we will be covering in class
oSystem Software; makes hardware work, collection on computer programs that
accomplish specific tasks
BIOS (Basic input/output system); starts the computer, connects the data
between the operating system and hardware
Boot Program; loads the operating system into the random access memory
(RAM)
Device driver; controls specific devices that are attached to the computer
Laptops, desktops, handhelds
oOperating Systems (Platforms); collection of computer programs that work together to
manage hardware and software and makes sure the computer is working correctly
File management, multitasking, memory management, disk management
History; Bill Gates and Paul Allen used BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code) to write initial program and led to Windows, IBM asked Gates
to write an OS for the IBM PC eventually developed MS-DOS, until 1972 users
would interact with command line XEROX designed “Alto” the computer with
the first GUI (Graphical User Interface)
Ex: Microsoft windows, MAC OS, etc..
oApplication Software; performs particular tasks like creating budgets, resumes, or
professional presentations (have to be turned on by user)
Ex: email (outlook), word processor (word), spreadsheet (excel), database
(Access), presentation software (PowerPoint), project management software
(Project), Photo/Video Editing Software (Photoshop)
Concerned with four basic applications: spreadsheets, word processors,
database and presentation software
oProductivity Suites/Software Suites/Application Suites; collection of business computer
application programs of associated functionality that share a common graphical user
interface
Allows smooth data exchange
Microsoft office is the most popular
Important aspect of learning application software: ATTITUDE
oPeople that use computers are called end-users
oGraphical user interface; how information is represented on a monitor
oThe table of contents of a hard drive is called FAT
ABCC Quiz Lesson 1 Knowledge Check (ll) x
ABCC- Chapter 2 Application Software
oNotes Book:
oApplication software; performs particular tasks users need (tens of thousands specific
tasks)
Ex: creating a budge for accounting, making a resume
Most comply used in business; email, word processors, spreadsheets, databases,
presentation software, project management software, browser (internet)
Extremely powerful
Built to do a specific task
Ex: PowerPoint would not be able to use a spreadsheet
Needs system software (operating system) to work
oApplication software VS. System software
Application software allow you to do tasks, like writing an essay
System software allow the computer run correctly
WITH OUT SYSTEM SOFTWARE YOU CAN NOT RUN APPLICATION SOFTWARE, but
you CAN run application software without system software
Human Intervention
oWord Processor; software used to create, compose, edit, format and print documents
Ex: Microsoft Word, Adobe, Acrobat or Corel WordPerfect
History;
Microsoft Word, released in 1983 and is the most popular word
processor in the world.
Adobe Acrobat, allows people to create, edit and format portable
document format files (PDFs), they can be digitally signed
Corel WordPerfect, was developed in 1979, in the 1980’s is was more
popular than Microsoft Word
oSpreadsheets; is an electronic grid of columns and rows typically used to create, model
and manipulate numerical and often, financial information
Some say spreadsheets are the most powerful and useful business application
because of being able to provide model financial information and provide a
“what if” analysis
Columns are labeled with letters, rows are labeled with numbers, when they
intersect they make a cell
Ex: Microsoft Excel (most popular spreadsheet since 1993 replacing Lotus123)
Supports graphing
oDatabase software (Database Management System Software/DBMS/ Database); is
used to create a collection of related files called tables that consist of records (rows) of
data separated by fields (columns) that can be queried to produce populations of
information
Data retrieved by these becomes information that can be used to make business
decisions
Extremally powerful application that let you store lots of data
Well thought out collection of files
Organized in to three different parts;
Fields, records (rows), table (the number of rows)
Most commonly used in business (and perhaps the most important)
Querying; a request to access date from a database to manipulate it /retrieve it
Pulling inform like this from a database can help business get stock on
things that are bought the most
relational, customer, transaction,
oPresentation software; used to present information in a slideshow format
Ex: Microsoft PowerPoint (most popular), siderocket, GOAnimate, Prezi
To help businesses visually communicate and collaborate
Can embed graphics, video and hypertext
Best practices for presentation…….
Be careful of the colors you choose
Try to use bullet points and key points
Use imagines
Avoid fancy font styles
Keep animation/sound to a minimum
Not usually in software suites but are just as important to business are…..
oBrowser software; allows user to view items via the internet
Browser (web browser); user interface software that allows the user to display
web pages found on the World Wide Web
They are application software that allow users to view the internet
Ex: Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer (Sir Tim-Berners-
Lee invented the first Web Browser in 1990 called WorldWideWeb and
renamed Nexus)
They display text, pictures, video and…
Hyperlinks; clickable navigation elements that let the user navigate form
one web page to another
oNetwork software (computer network); allows computers to communicate/connect
with each other for resource sharing and communication
Resources refer to computer files, folders, software and other internal elements
of a computer as well as hardware link printers, scanners and webcams
Can be called “Cloud”
oNotes Lecture:
o Is it necessary to print?
Nope. You can share a PDF, stored on local hard drive or in the CLOUD
oCloud; computer networks are two or more computers connected together to resources
and communication (based in networks)
Not everything belongs in a CLOUD think of information like HIPPA
oDifferent Software;
Proprietary software (business software); you have to buy the software
Ex: Microsoft Office
It cost less to buy software suites instead of the single software
oEx: buying the suite of Microsoft office instead of just Word and
PowerPoint
Open-Source software; free, the community make changes it as needed instead
of having to wait for an update to fix bugs
o3 ways to share information between applications;
Cut & Pate/ Copy & Paste/ Static
Ex: copy and paste numbers from excel to word
If you do this and change the number in excel it will NOT change in word
OLE/Object Linking & Embedding/Embedding/Static
Will allow you to embed whole section from excel to word
Word will NOT change if you change the number in excel
OLE/Object Linking & Embedding/Linking Dynamic
you can embed entire section from excel to work
BUT if you change the number in word it will reflect the excel file too
oImage editing software; Adobe Photoshop, Raster graphics, Vector graphics
oWeb Authoring Application Software; Adobe Dreamweaver, Viewers, Content, Design
layout, search engine, optimization (SEO)
oMicrosoft Office Share; internet
oEnterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERPs); incorporates all data and processes of a
business into one integrated system, single database, SAP AG, PeopleSoft
System that works to help people see problems quickly and push profit up
oCollaborative Application Software; conversational integrated, digital interaction,
webinar, Skype
o5 Rules for Presentations:
Treat your audience like kings
Meet their needs not just your own
Spread ideas and move people
They are not there for a meeting they are there for meaning
Help them see what you are saying
Combine both text and imagines
Practice design not decoration
You have a one point? only put one word
If you want them to remember a few items? Do not show everything at
once show each one fading in a out of the slide at different times.
If there is a picture that says it all? Just have the picture represent the
message
Cultivate healthy relationship
Breaking your relationship with the slides will help you build a
relationship with the audience
oBusiness intelligence has made presentation software more popular
oPlatform neutral in context of a PDF means it works on any operating system
PDFs can be accessed on almost ALL platforms
ABBC Quiz Lesson 2 Knowledge Check (II)
ABBCC- Chapter 3 Inside the Computer
oBook Notes:
oSystem unit; is the main body of a computer that contains a motherboard
This includes the inner workings of a computer (essentially everything inside of
the box)
The motherboard has computer components plugged into it
Ex: power supplies, cooking fans, disk drives, primary memory,
secondary memory, expansion cards/slots
oUNDERSTAND a systems inner workings and technology can make you more successful
when using the technology
Ex: someone that does not know anything about a car, can buy/drive a car just
fine. Someone that knows about the inner workings of a car can buy/drive cars
more efficiently. SAME goes for technology.
Knowing things like…
Microprocessor chip speed and storage space can help/ are usually the
main concerns when buying a computer
oCircuit board/printed circuit board (PCB); a complex array of electronics that connect
and help different components of the computer communicate with one another
It is a way to replace loose wiring by applying copper wires to a sheet of non-
conductive plastic
A Motherboard/system board/logic board is essentially a circuit board.
Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
Reduces size
oMicrocomputer/box/chassis; enclose the main components of the computer
size and shape of this is determined by the size and shape of the motherboard
on the inside:
Motherboard (Appel refers to them as “logic board”); this is the core
component, it is the primary circuit board
oMicroprocessor/microprocessor chip; is plugged directly into a slot on the motherboard
and serves as the brains for the microcomputer
Within the microprocessor is the…
Central processing unit (CPU); it interprets program instructions and processes
data by performing arithmetic and logical operations (this gives the computer
the ability to be programmed)
When talking about the speed/how fast a computer goes it is offend
talked about how fast they can perform an operation (speed is directly
BUT NOT SOLELY related to the CPU
The speed is measured by clock rate; defined as the number of cycles
per second that a computer can perform its most basic tasks. Measured
in gigahertz.
Only deals with bits that are represented electronically by either positive
or negative charge
Inputs devices like keyboards translate to bits for the computer to read
Output devices like screens translate the bits back into something a
person can understand
How fast a computer can do these tasks is a large part of what
determines its speed for a microcomputer
oHistory; the first useful personal computers processed at 8bits at
a time, then 16bits, then 32 bits now 64bits. The first 64 bit
processor used a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
oLand/city that has all of the roads and buildings on it to make it run= motherboard>
main building that serves as a warehouse allocating bits and bytes= microprocessor chip
(CPU)> Roads to and from the warehouse= “bus lines”> traffic that travels the bus lines =
electricity> the electricity has to come from somewhere (AKA a power plant) = power
supply unit (PSU). The warehouse can be brown down in to two parts the inventory
processing and storage= primary is where memory processed before putting it away for
storage, and secondary is where memory is storage after being processed
A computer can have the fastest microprocessor chips BUT with bad bus lines it
will run slowly
oBus lines; are pathways (the “roads” in our analogy) that transfer data and power
between components inside of a computer and sometimes between computers
themselves
Bus lines are measured in width
You can think of it as a straw, the smaller than straw the less you can get, the
bigger the straw the more you can get
It doesn’t matter have efficient the distribution center (microprocessor) is if the
roads (bus lines) are jammed up with traffic. So think the wider the bus lines the
faster it will be.
List of bus types:
PCI (Peripheral Component interconnect)
AGP (Accelerated graphics port)
USB (Universal serial bus)
Firewire (High performance serial bus)
Electricity travels the bus lines; it is either ON or OFF
oMachine code/machine language; is a binary language system of 1’s and 0’s
representing patterns of bits that represent instruction that a computer’s central
processing unit (CPU) is able to understand
The only real language computers understand
Binary number system; a number system with only two digits (in computer
world it is “1” and “0”
Ex: 01000001= the letter “A”
When users in put data it is ALWAYS converted to 1’s and 0’s
Bits (short of binary digits) refer to the 1’s and 0’s
oByte; when 8 bits are combined
oKilobyte; 1,024 bytes
oMagabyte; 1,024 kilobytes
oGigabyte; 1,024 magabytes
oTerabyte; 1,024 gigabytes
oPetabyte; 1,024 terabytes
oExabyte; 1,024 terabytes
oZettabyte; 1,024 exabytes
oYottabyte; 1,024 zettabytes
Most microcomputers use American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII) coding scheme to represent bytes (they can
understand 256 characters)
Asian countries (Japan and China) use Unicode for their characters
because they have a pictorial alphabet
oPower Supply Unit (PSU); supplies electricity
Converts 100-120 volts(North America and Japan)/ 220-240(Europe, Australia,
other parts of Asia) of alternating current (AC) to a lower voltage direct current
(DC) that then can be used by the internal components of the system unit
Some PSU can sense a wide range of AC
If you are a global company this is where knowing this would be helpful to buy
oTwo types of memory….
Primary storage (volatile) (AKA RAM)
Can be thought of as what a user is currently working on
Has random access to memory (RAM)
Types of RAM chips:
oDRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
oSDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)
oDDR (Double data rate synchronous Dynamic RAM)
oDirect (RDRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory)
RAM has not moving parts, can be accessed in any order it makes it
extremely fast!
It is volatile and does not retain data and information after the
computer is turned off. To be retained it needs to be moved to
secondary storage
Secondary storage (non-volatile)
Can be thought of as the location where users store work when it is not
presently needed
Typically spins and requires a moving read/write head
Ex: a hard disk drive the storage device that stores data on a quickly
spinning magnetic platters. (considered internal hard disks and can’t be
removed easily)
Ex2: external hard drives are outside the box, like Cloud drives.
an application code WILL NOT BE IN primary storage unless the program is
currently running!!
Think of memory of a computer like a filing cabinet. Files can be taken out of a
filling cabinet and placed on a desk (RAM) for use. Once done working with the
file user can return it to the metal filling cabinet (secondary storage)
oComplimentary mental-oxide semiconductor/ CMOS chip; does not lose its content, it
is non-volatile memory, programming information to perform the startup task resides
here (plugged directly into the motherboard
oROM chips (Read-only memory); preprogrammed, require no user intervention and
serve to perform specialized internal task
Ex: starting the computer
This is the motherboards memory
Because ROM chips are unchangeable they can be called firmware
oStand-alone; computer is not connected to a network (this includes the Internet)
Connecting a computer to a network allows you to you to share other resources
like printers and data files and have mass storage devises.
Connecting will allow you to save most data and information to a secondary
external mass storage (ex: Cloud hard drives), this makes the internal hard disk
not as important for say a business laptop….
Home computers need a bigger hard disk storage because of storing large video,
music, software, photos because it is not apart of a network to store them.
Expansion Slots &Cards
oExpansion card; a specialized circuit board that can be plugged into a motherboard’s
expansion slot to add further functionality to a computer
Ex: some allow computer to serve as a television, or enhance a computer’s audio
ability, gamers use dual video card setup
oPort; a specific outlet that serves as a connection, enabling communication between the
computer and devices (similar to an electrical outlet in that a device’s cable can be
inserted or “plugged” into it)
Ex: cameras, keyboards, printers, etc..
Two kinds of hardware ports:
Serial ports; send and receive information from the device to the system
unit one bit at a time
Parallel ports; send multiple bits at a time, it requires the device and
system unit to first communicate and to “agree” upon data transfer rate,
information to be transferred and other necessary information before
an actual connection is made
These ports are being obsolete to USB and FireWire
oPlug and Play; is designed to allow a device to automatically work when it is plugged not
a computer system unit
Most popular “Plug and Play” ports:
FireWire; (Made by Apple) used for video equipment and digital
cameras
Universal Serial Bus (USB); standard to most devices (originally
designed for personal computers and are intended to facilitate the
retirement of older, serial and parallel ports)
It was not always like this, before you would have to download a software for it
to work correctly with the operating system. BUT today operating system have
preloaded software
Device drivers; if preloaded software that allows users to simply plug in a device
which then immediately starts working
Input & Output Devices
oInput; is data and information that enters a computer system and is translated for
computer comprehension/processing (in to 1’s and 0’s)
Ex: typing your CIS105 notes for the knowledge exam
oOutput; is data and information that exits a computer system and is translated for
human comprehension
Ex: Monitors (screens)
Types of monitors:
oCRT (cathode ray tube monitor); expensive, thicker, less
environmentally friendly
oLiquid crystal Displays (LCD); flat, uses more energy
The quality of an image depends heavily on pixels and dots per inch
(dpi). Meaning the more pixels a monitor contains per square inch, the
high the dpi, the clearer the image, projectors
Different kinds of printers:
Laser Printer; high quality text and graphics by a laser “burn” text on
plain paper
Ink-jet Printer; extremely high dip capability for ultra-clear photos by
spraying ink dots on paper coated with special light-sensitive chemicals
Still measured in dpi, the higher the dpi the better the image (1,200dip
is better than 300 dpi)
More Ex: plotters (used to print complex line art like architectural
drawings), speakers, headphones
oInput device; is a computer hardware apparatus that translates data and information
that a person understands and enters into the machine into the machine language that a
CPU can understand and process
Ex: keyboard
Examples of commands a keyboard has:
o“Escape” (Esc) key is used to discontinue or cancel a computers
operation, typically means “stop”
o“Return” key or “Enter” key typically finishes keyboard entry
oNumeric keypad serves as a “ten key” keypad to enter numbers
for convenient calculations, arithmetic operations, and cursor
control
More Ex: mechanical mouse (with a ball on the bottom), optical mouse
(uses light to reflect and sense movement, usually wireless, popular with
laptop users), touch pad (on my laptop), stylus (in a pen form and the
computer screen recognizes the movement by sensing pressure),
microphone (sound-sensing device), digital cameras, video cameras,
image scanners (two types: flatbed scanners and handheld), webcam,
barcode readers, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID),
oLecture Notes:
oChoosing and Buying Technology
Consumption Device; devices are good for reading information but have limited
use.
Ex: iPad are good for reading e-mails, checking Facebook, etc.
Creation device; devices allow users to use application to create and consume
data
Ex: MS Surface can use Adobe Photoshop, record music, etc.
oIn the early 1960 different computer manufactures were using different encoding
schemes making communication between different computer from other manufactures
almost impossible. ANSI (American National Standers Institute) formed a committee to
make a common scheme. Then in 1963 ASCII was born.
128 characters with the ASC coding scheme:
a-z= 26
A-Z= 26
0-9= 10
.,;:?^= 32
(space bar)= 1
Total: 95
This only leaves 33 characters left….
o101110011 in binary numbers is 371
oMany chips encased in one chip working together is a RISC
oImage and text scanners use OCR technology
oRFID can transmit through radio waves
ABBCC Quiz Lesson 3 Knowledge Check (l)
Prometheus- Introduction; Introduction and Device Setup
0.4 Getting Starprted Excel/SQL Test Your Skills Assessment
Prometheus Lesson 1: Excel Basics
oWorkbook; an excel file that stores all the information, previous calculations, and analyses
that you may have already completed. Must contain at least one worksheet
oWorksheet; contains data and calculations and is organized into a collection of cells arranged
in the form of a table
oCells; rectangular boxes in a worksheet that store individual pieces of data or calculations
oRow and column that correspond is called an address (ex: A8, F10, etc.)
oReferencing a cell; using the values stored in another cell of a worksheet
oReferencing a range; referring to more than one cell at a time as long as the cells are in a
continuous black
oRange; a group of cells in a continuous block
oEx: B1:B4 refers to cells, B1, B2, B3, B4
opage orientation; the layout of the paper when the worksheet is printed. “Portrait”
orientation means that the worksheet will be printed on the page with the widest part of the
page running from the op to the bottom. “Landscape” orientation means that the worksheet
will be printed with the widest part of the page running from side to side.
oPortrait; worksheet will be printed on the page with the widest part of the page running
from the top of the bottom
oLandscape; the worksheet will be printed with the widest part of the page running from side
to side
1.3 Cells and worksheets Practice Problem
1.5 Formatting Cells and Sheets Practice Problem
1.7 Sorting and Filtering Practice Problem
1.8 Excel Basics Test Your Skills Assessment
