Plant virus
Many types of viruses that multiply themselves in the Tractus are digestiven
with vector animals. After certain incubation periods can cause infections in
plants again. Such viruses are known as persistent viruses. The nonspersisten
virus can be transmitted immediately with insect (animal) bite.
The plants that have been studied are TMV (Tobacco Mozai virus = mozaik
tobacco virus). This virus genetic material is RNA.
1. Virus form
A virion consists of genetic material (RNA or DNA) that is covered
by the protein sheath. This protein sheath is called capsid. Asan nuclein
Capped Consultatively called nucleokapsid. Nucleokapsid can be naked
For example on TMV (Tobacco Mozaik virus that causes a pedicab disease
leaves), adenovirus and warzervirus viruses; or covered by a
wrapping membrane for example on influenza viruses, herpes viruses. Kapsid
consists of parts called capsomers (for example on TMV can
consists of only one polipeptide range, it can also consist of protein
identical monomer-proteins each consisting of
Polypeptide Ranarian). Basically capsid consists of many units
Identical basis.
2. Bacteriaophage (virus that attacks bacteria)
Viruses in coli bacteria (T-phage) consist of two parts, namely parts
Hexagonal head and tail. So
can only be seen in observations with an electron microscope. The
The head consists of the main part whose center consists of DNA, medium
The outside is a protein sheath that functions as a protector.
The tail is in the form of a tubus that has a stoppers, besides being equipped
Also with tail fibers. Bacteria attacked by bacteriophages will be lysis.
To get an overview of the bacteriophage life cycle, it is necessary
reviewed levels that occur when Phage attacks bacteria:
a. At the beginning the phage is attached to the part of the tail in the section
Certain cells (phase phase phase phase).
breakfast. DNA Phage is inserted into the cell through the tail tail, DNA Phage
damaging bacterial DNA so the process in the cell is controlled by DNA
Phage, then a protein (sheath) of Phage and DNA Phage will be formed
new (phase of development of phage).
Fungi
1. Morphology of thread mushrooms
Thread mushrooms consist of a branched yarn mass
called a megelium. MiSelium is composed of HIFA (filament) which is
Single thread. The vegetative fungal body composed of filaments
Filament is called Thallus. Based on its function it is distinguished by two kinds
of HIFA,
namely HIFA Fertil and Vegetative Hifa. HIFA fertile is hyphae that can form
Reproductive cells or spores. If the HIFA is the direction
Out of the media is called air hyphae. Vegetative HIFA is HIFA that works
To absorb food from the substrate.
2. Premunzed mushrooms
Mushrooms can breed vegetatively (asexual) and generative
(sexual). The asexual culture can be done with fragmentation
Miselium (Thalus) and the formation of asexual spores. There are 4 ways to
develop
culture with thalus fragmentation, (a) with shooting formation,
for example in the yeast, (b) with blastospora, namely growing buds
become spores, for example in Candida sp., (c) with Arthrospora (Oidium),
that is the occurrence of segmentation at the edges of HIFA, then rounded cells
And finally it's off being a spore, for example on Geotrichum sp., and (D)
with ChlamyDospora sp., ie rounding and thickening of cell walls on
Vegetative HIFA, for example on Geotrichum sp.
Sexually cultured developing, carried out by the formation of spores
Sexual and melting gamet (sexual cells). There are two gender types (Mating
Type)
From sexual cells, namely gender + (male) and gender - (females).
Melting gametes occur between 2 different sexes. Reproductive process
Sexually divided into 3 levels, namely: (a) plasmogami that is
Melting it 2 cell plasma, (b) KarioGami, which melted 2 of the haploid core
produce a diploid core, and (c) meiosis, which is reduction division
produce a haploid core.
Shape and how to reproduce fungi are very diverse, and can
Used as a basis for classifying the fungus.
3. Classification of fungi
There are several mushrooms, namely acrasomycetes (cellular mucus
mushrooms),
Myxomycetes (true mucus mushrooms), phycomycetes (low level mushrooms),
and
Eumycetes (high level mushrooms). Eumycetes consist of 3 classes namely
Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes (IMPERFECTION FUNDI).
The mushroom nomadry system uses a binomial name, which consists of a
name
genus and specific / species names. The name of the family with endings -aceae,
name
Order with suffix -Ales, and the name of the class with the suffix -Mycetes.
Acrasiomycetes
This fungus is a group of cellular mucous mushrooms, which live freely at
In the soil, it is usually isolated from the soil of humus. The vegetative form is in
the form of
cell nkinci one which is amoeboid, like a uniselular protozoa or is
Amoeba Haploid, and also called pseudoplasmodium.
The characteristics of this fungus cell are able to move on solid media
(pseudopodia), eat by means of phagocytosis, for example by eating
bacteria. Its similar to fungi is the presence of a fruit agency stage, and
The formation of spores. Spora structure like a cyst from Amoeba.
Myxomycetes
This mushroom is a true mucous mushroom. This fungus can be found on
Wood is waxed, leaf, bark, and wood. Vegetative form
called plasmodium. Plasmodium is a lot of cytoplasmic period
and not limited by strong cell walls. The cells have a movement
Amoeboid above the substrate. How to eat with phagocytosis. If plasmodium
Crawling into a dry place, a fruit body will form. Fruit body
Produce a one-dwell spore that is covered by cell walls. Spores come from
from the core plasmodium. The structure at all stadiums is the same, which is
like a cell
Soenocytic with the existence of the default stream of cytoplasm.
This mushroom breeding begins
Phycomycetes
These mushrooms include thread mushrooms that have no hifa,
Vegetative cells are multinuclear, or called thalus soenocytic. Vegetatively can
multiplying with hyphae pieces, and produce spores
Asexual in sporangium (sporangiospora). Breeding
Generative by forming sexual spores. Based on the method of formation
Spores are divided into 2 kinds, (a) Oospora, the smelting results between
gametes
Gamet that is not as large, and (b) Zygospora, the smelting of gamet-
The same gamet is as large. Based on the type of spor, this fungus too
can be grouped in oomycetes and zygomycetes. Example of mushrooms
Including the oomycetes class is Saprolegnia sp. (Water mushroom).
Ascomycetes
The characteristics of this fungus have hypralded hyphae, and can form
konidiofor. Vegetatively can breed with hyphae pieces, and
In some types can produce conidia asexually. CONIDIA phase
This mushroom is also called the imperfect phase. Fungi which is only in phase
form
Imperfect is called the imperfecti fungi (deuteromycetes). Generatively
form a fruit body called ascokarp, which is included
Asci (pouch) that produces Askospora.
Based on its form can be distinguished by 3 types of asci, namely:
1. Cleistothecium, the shape is round, rough and does not have a special hole
for the spore's exit.
2. Perithecium, round shape like pumpkin, has osteol for the road
Spora release.
3. Apothecium, shape like a cup or bowl, surface department consists
for the Himenium containing ascus-ascus in the Palisade layer, from
The layer can be released ascospora.
Basiodiomycetes
This special feature of this fungus is to have a basic shaped basidium
Gada, not cool, and contains 4 Basidiospores at the end. On mushrooms
Certainly have a hymenium or layer of the body.
Hymenium is found in a mushroom, it is also called hymenomycetes.
Hymenium consists of Basidia, HIFA sterile, parafisa, and cyts. Basidia
originated
from HIFA in the basis, the cells are enlarged, the core enlarges, 2 core melting
Produces 1 core of the diploid, then splitting the reduction to 4 haploid core
which becomes the core of the Basidiospora.
Deuteromycetes (IMPERFECTION FUNDI)
All mushrooms that have no sexual forms are inserted into
In the Deuteromycetes class. This fungus is a form of conidia from the class
Ascomycetes, with ascus are not covered or lost due to evolution. This
mushroom
also incomplete sexually, or called parasexual. Process
plasmogami, karioGami and meiosis there but did not happen to the location
certain of the vegetative body, or does not occur in the development phase
particular. His egelium is homocariotic. This mushroom example is a few
Species Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monilia.
Yeast
Round shaped (spheroid), ellipse, stem or cylindrical, like fruit
oranges, sausages, and others. The form that can still be used for
identification. Khamir can be included in the Ascomycetes class,
Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.
Creation
The breeding of the crystal can occur vegetatively and
Generatively (sexually). Vegetatively (asexually), (a) by giving
(Candida sp., And Khamir in general), (b) cell division
(Schizosaccharomyces sp.), And (c) forming asexual spores (classes
Ascomycetes). Generatively by means of consequence (sexual reproduction).
There are 3 kinds of calm, namely (a) isogamy conjugation
(Schizosaccharomyces octosporus), (b) heterogamy conjugation
(Zygosaccharomyces priorian), and the conjugation of Askospora on
Zygosaccharomyces sp. and Schizosaccharomyces sp. (Haploid vegetative cells),
As well as on Saccharomyces sp., and Saccharomycodes sp. (Vegetative cells
diploid).
Kramir Identification
The things that need to be considered in identifying the yeast are:
•
There is no or not Askospora, if there is a formation (confinement
Isogami, heterogamy, or Askospora Conscalance), shape, color, size,
and the number of spores.
•
The shape, color, and size of the vegetative cells.
•
How to reproduce asexual (stretched, splitting)
•
There is no filament or pseudomiselium.
•
Growth in the medium and colon color.
•
Physiological properties, such as carbon sources (C) and nitrogen (N),
vitamin needs, oxidative or fermentative, or both,
Lipolytic, acid formation test, use of starch, and others.
