Alga and Protozoa
Algae
Terrestrial algae can live on the surface of the ground, wooden stems, and
others
the other. Land algae can be symbiosis with mushrooms and form moss crust
(Lichenes). On lichenes algae acts as a ficobion, while fungi
as a mikobion. Algae that can form lichenes is a member of
Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, and Blue Green Alga (Cyanobacteria) included
bacteria. Fikobion utilizes sunlight for photosynthesis, so
Produced organic material that can be utilized by MIKOBION. Mikobion
provide protection and function to absorb minerals for
fikobion. In some cases mikobion can produce growth factors
which can be utilized by Fikobion. Lichenes are very slow
growth, but can live in extreme places that cannot
Used for the place where the body's body grows. For example lichenes
can grow on rocks with very dry, hot and state
Poor nutrient or organic matter. Lichenes produces organic acids that can
dissolve rock minerals.
Algae morphology
Unicellular (microscopic) algae can be truly a single cell, or
Grow in the form of change or filament. There are several types of algae
The cell forms a colony, for example on Volvox, the colony is formed from 500-
60,000 cells. These colonies can be seen with ordinary eyes.
Multicellular (macroscopic) algae has a large size, so
can be seen with ordinary eyes. On macroscopic algae usually has
Various specific structures. Some types of algae have a structure
called hold fast similar to the root system in plants, which are
serves to stick to the algae on certain rocks or substrates, but
cannot be used to absorb water or nutrients. Algae does not require
Nutrient and water transport systems, because nutrients and water can be met
from
All algae cells. Other special structures are bladder or float,
which is useful for placing algae in the right position to get
Maximum light. Stalks or stems on algae are called Stipe, which is useful
to support the blade, which is the main part of the algae that functions to
absorbble
Nutrient and light.
Algae
Asexual breeding occurs through a process called
mitosis. Most single-celled algae breed by splitting
Self, like in bacteria (prokariot). The difference, in cell division
Prokariot DNA replication occurs, and each cell cleavage results
Has half early DNA and half DNA replication results. While the
In eukariot algae, chromosome doubling with more processes
complex called mitosis. Each cleavage cell results
Have a derivative chromosome. Concreting asexually on algae as in the body
other eukaryotic, namely with the formation of two specific cells called
Haploid gamets. The two gamet cells melebrate and produce
Diploid's zygot. Zygot has two derivatives each
chromosome (2n). Gamet only has one chromosome derivative (1N). Process
The reduction of this chromosome is called meiosis.
Meiosis occurs in different times in various cycles
Algae life. Some types of algae during their life cycle are mainly on
the diploid phase, but other algae have a zigot phase until very meiosis
Short, so in the life cycle mainly in the haploid phase.
In large (macroscopic) algae there are 2 types
different reproductive structures, namely gametofit (haploid) and sporophytes
(diploid). For example is on Ulva which includes green algae.
Algae physiology
Photosynthetic properties on algae
can be absolute (phototrof obligate), so this algae grows in places
which is exposed to sunlight. Some algae are khemoorganotrof,
so that it can coat the simple sugar or organic acid on
Darkness. Organic compounds that are widely used algae are acetate,
which can be used as a source C and energy source. Certain algae can
assimilated simple organic compounds using energy sources
light (fotoheterotrof). In certain algae can no process
Photosinthesis at all, in this case the fulfillment of nutritional needs is obtained
Heterotrof. Leukophitic algae is the algae that loses chloroplasts. The loss of
The chloroplasts are fixed, or cannot return as before. It
This happens a lot on single-celled algae like diatom, flages, and algae
Nonmotil green. Leukophitic algae can be made, for example Euglena
Treated with streptomycin or ultra violet light.
Algae
a. Division Chlorophyta
The characteristics of these algae are green, have photosynthetic pigments
which consists of chlorophyll A and B as in plants, carotene, and several
xantofil. Food reserves in the form of starch, cell walls consist of cellulose,
xylan,
Manan, bebesrapa not walled cells, and has Flagela 1Sampai 8 pieces.
These green algae are widely found in the waters, and alleged ecosystem
is the origin of plants. The cell organization can be unicellular,
The multicellular in the form of a colony, and the multicellular form of filament.
Example of unicellular green algae namely Volvocales Ordo, Chlamydomonas
Genera
and Volvox, which is motile because it is fleace, while the algae
The shape of the filament is a genera Ulothrix, Spirogyra and Ulva. Shape
Spirogyra is very special because the chloroplasts are spiral. Member
this algae that is often planted as seaweed is scenedesmus and that
Often used as health food is chlorella.
In the chlamydomonas life cycle, this algae made reproduction
Sexually with cell smelting that produces zygote. After the period
Dorman will occur soiosis so that 4 cells are formed later
multiplying with mitotic division. On breeding
Asexually, the cell will lose flagela and then cleavage
Mitosis to 4, 8 or 16 cells. Each cell comes out of the wall
cell and then grow flagella.
breakfast. Divisio Euglenophyta
This type of algae is euglenoid, has a photoosynthetic pigment
consists of chlorophyll A and B so it looks green and has carotene
and xantophil. The difference with green algae is the food reserves that are
in the form of a paramilon, the polymer glucose with b13 bond. All members
This unicellular algae, has 1-3 flagela with a layout of apical or subapical,
and have a plasma membrane with a flexible structure called
pelikel. Euglenophyta mostly live in waters or soil.
Breed it by splitting, and can't spread it
Sexually.
Euglena gracilis algae has 2 flagela which is not as long as long, and
red spots that contain carotenoids. Eye spots
functions as a light receiver to adjust active motion, in response
Cells on the direction and intensity of light. This algae is not a cell-walled so
bending.
C.. Pyrrophyta Division
Algae members are often called dinoflagelates, have pigments
photosynthetic in the form of chlorophyll A and C, carotene and several types of
containing
xantofil. Food reserves consist of starch or oil, the cell wall is composed
from cellulose and there is a very hard called pitch, but there are no ones
Cell walled. These algae generally have motion tools in the form of 2 flagela.
Pyrrophyta is generally red or brown, because of the existence of pigments
Xantophils and cells are unicellular. These algae especially live in the sea,
Some of its members can emit bioluminesen light, then often
called fire algae. The example of this algae gaoulax polyedra, which produces
red or red brown toxins that can turn off animals
the sea.
d. Chrysophyta Divisio
This algae has different pigments so there is something
called yellow green algae (xanthophyceae), and golden algae
(Chrysophyceae). Diatom which includes bacillariophyceae also includes
These algae members.
Photosintetic pigments consist of chlorophyll a and c, carotene, fukoxantine,
and
Some xantophils. This algae food reserve material is in the form of
Krisolaminarin,
namely glucose polymers with bonds B. The cell wall is composed of cellulose,
silica, and calcium carbonate. On some types of algae have 1 or 2
flagella.
Hard diatom cell walls are called frustule. There are 2 kinds of shapes
Frustule, namely Centric and Pennate. Diatom with the form of Pennate which
is not
Flaborela, some can move on a solid substrate because of the existence of Raphe.
Raphe is a long and narrow gap on the cell wall as a place
The exit of the cytoplasm. The movement arises because of the current of the
protoplasm.
Hey. Divisio Phaeophyta
Phaeophyta is also called chocolate algae, this color is caused by Xantophil
produced beyond carotene and chlorophyll. This algae has pigments
Photosynthetics consisting of chlorophyll A and C, carotene, fukoxantine and
xantophil.
Food reserves in their cell in the form of laminarin and manitol, with
The cell wall is composed of cellulose, alginate acid, and sulfate
mukopolyakcharides.
These algae fade two are not the same, with lateral location.
This group member consists of more than 200 genera and 1500 species,
especially living at a cold sea level. The organization of its multicellular cell,
and can form very large morphology and complex like
plants. There are structures such as roots, such as leaves (blade),
like stalk (Stipe), and fluffy (bladder), but there is no system
Transport nutrients and food reserves. In the middle of Stipe there are cells
elongated like a vascular network in plants. These cells function
to help move the carbohydrates of photosynthesis, from the blade to
Places of cells that are less active photosynesses such as Stipe and Hold Fast.
Certain types of algae can be used for biosorption, or absorption
heavy metal by biomass. This is because the contents of the polysaccharide
On the cell wall can be an ion exchange resin (ion exchange).
This algae can also be used as an indicator of metal pollution
Weight like cadmium, cu, and PB, for example algae fucus vesiculosus. Some
the type of chocolate algae like macrocystis, contains a lot of algin materials on
The cell wall. This algin material has economic value for materials
stabilizer maker and emulsifier on paint, textiles, paper, food ingredients, and
Other ingredients.
f. Division Rhodophyta
Often referred to as red algae, because photosynthetic pigments are dominated
by fascouitrin. Other pigments consist of chlorophyll A, and in several types
Has chlorophyll D, ficocyanin, carotene, and several xantophils. Material
food reserves in the cell are in the form of floridean starch, namely
polysaccharides
Similar to Amylopectin. These algae have cell walls in the form of cellulose,
Xylan, and Galaktan. Motion tool in the form of flagela does not exist.
Generally red algae live in the ocean, especially in the tropics, some
Species live in cold areas. The presence of chlorophyll A, fikoeritrin and
ficocyanin or
red fikobilin, causing this algae can directly absorb a ray
Green, violet and blue that can penetrate deep water. So even red algae
can grow to a depth of more than 175 meters in the waters. Red algae
Most grow stick to other rocks and substrates or other algae, but there are also
those who live float freely. Member of this algae
What is often planted as seaweed is navicula.
Division Cryptophyta
These algae have photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll A and C, carotene,
Fikobilin and xantophil consisting of aloxantine, krokoxantin, and
monadoxantin. Food reserves consist of starch, no cell wall
contains cellulose, and focuses two that are not the same as the location
subapikal. This algae lives in the sea, and its members are very little if
Compared to other algae. Cryptophyta breed asexually,
That is with cell division longitudinal.
Protozoa
Like algae, protozoa is another group that belongs to the protist
eukaryotic. Although sometimes between algae and protozoa is less clear
the difference. Some organisms have the properties between algae and protozoa.
As an example of Euglenophyta green algae, the cell is flanking and is a single
cell that is a berlorophyll, but can experience loss of chlorophyll and
Ability to be hot. All Euglenophyta species are capable
Life on Nutrien complex without light, some scientists
Include it into the phylum protozoa. For example strains of genus algae mutants
Chlamydomonas who do not collaborate, can be used as protozoa
Polytoma genus. This is an example of how difficult it is
firmly between algae and protozoa.
Habitat Protozoa
Protozoa generally live freely and is in the ocean, the water environment
bargaining, or land. Some species are parasitic, living in organisms
host. Parasitic host protozoa can be a simple organism
Like algae, to complex vertebrates, including humans. Some
Species can grow in the soil or on the surface of herbs.
All protozoa requires high moisture in any habitat.
Some types of sea protozoa are part of zooplankton.
Other sea protozoas live on the seabed. Species that live in fresh water
Can be on the lake, river, pond, or puddles. There is also protozoa
which is not parasitically living in the intestinal thermites or in the rumen
Ruminant animals.
Morphology Protozoa
Protozoa does not have cell walls, and does not contain cellulose
or khitin like mushrooms and algae. Most protozoas have
specific form, which is characterized by the flexibility of external ectoplasm
inside
cell membrane. Some types of protozoa such as foraminifera have a very hard
outer framework composed of SI and CA. Some protozoa
Like difflugia, can bind mineral particles to form a framework
hard outside. RadioLarian and Heliozoan can produce skeleton.
This hard outer frame is often found in fossil form. Framework
outer foraminifera is composed of CAO2 so that the colon is in millions
Years can form limestone rocks.
Protozoa can be in a vegetative form (trophozoite), or shape
rest called cysts. Protozoa in an unfavorable state
can form cysts to maintain their lives. When the cyst is
in a profitable state, it will germinate into a cell
vegetatifnya. Protozoa is a single cell, which can move typically
use pseudopodia (fake legs), flagela or cilia, but there are those
Cannot move actively. Based on the motion tool that has and the mechanism of
movement is a protozoa grouped into 4 classes. Protozoa
which moves in amoeboid grouped into the sarcodina, which is
moving with flagela put in mastigophora, which moves
with cilia grouped into Ciliophora, and who can't
moving is an animal and human parasites grouped into
Sporozoa. Starting in 1980, by Committee on Systematics and Evolution of the
Society of Protozoolologists, classifying protozoa to 7 new classes,
namely Sarcomastigophora, Ciliophora, Acetospora, Apicomplexa, Microspora,
Myxospora, and labyrinthomorpha. In this new classification, Sarcodina
and Mastigophora was combined into one Sarcomastigophora group, and
Sporozoa because its members are very diverse, it is broken down into five
class.
Protozoa Physiology
Protozoa is generally a nucotosintetic aerobic, but some
Protozoa can live in anaerobic environment (eg channel
human digestion or ruminants). Aerobic protozoa has
mitochondria containing enzymes for aerobic metabolism, and for
produce ATP through the electron transfer process and hydrogen atoms to
oxygen. Larger food particles eaten phagocytosis by cells
which is amoeboid and other members of the Sarcodina group. Particle
surrounded by flexible cell membrane parts to be arrested later
Put in a large cell by vaguole (food vatuole). Size
Vamuoles shrink then experience acidification. Lisosoms give
enzyme into the food vatuole to digest food,
Then the vaguole grew back. The results of food digestion are disarmed
into the cytoplasm in pinocytosis, and the remaining unlicensed is issued
from cells. This is the way protozoa used to prey on bacteria.
Protozoa Breeding
Protozoa can breed sexually and asexually. The
Asexual Protozoa can hold divisions into 2 cells
(binary), but in the flelata division occurs longitudinally and on
Transverse ciliata. Some types of protozoa splitting into
Many cells (Schizogony). In Schizogony's division, the core splitted several times
then followed by cell division into many cells of puppies.
Sexually breeding can be through conjugation, autogamy, and
sitogami. Protozoa who has habitat or host more than one can
have several breeding ways. For example species
Plasmodium can do schizogony asexually in the host cell
Humans, but in mosquito cell cells can occur sexually breeding. Protozoa is
generally in the form of diploid.
Protozoa generally has the ability to repair the cell
damaged or cut off. Some ciliates can repair the cell
Only 10% of the original cell volume as long as the cell core remains.
