1
STRATEGIES FOR CAPITALIZING ON MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Introduction
Agricultural products have promising opportunities in the international trade arena. In
international trade, agricultural products from United States take a role to be consumed by
people abroad. The agricultural products from United States that have high commercial value
include plantation products, horticulture, livestock, and fisheries. Plantation products that are
exported are usually in the form of semi-finished and finished products. Furthermore,
horticultural products that are exported are usually products that are still in the form of fresh
products. For livestock products that are usually exported are semi-finished products.
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that trade deficits occurred in vegetable
and fruit trade in European countries and the USA both in trade value and in trade quantity.
The ratio of import value to export value was highest in European countries, which was
around 1.38 - 1.66 during 1980-2011, meaning that these countries experienced a vegetable
and fruit trade deficit of around 38% - 66%. Vegetable and fruit trade deficits also occurred in
the USA around 24% - 34% in the period 1990-2010. The value of the ratio in Asian countries
and other developing countries is generally smaller than one, which means that Asian
countries and other developing countries generally have a surplus in vegetable and fruit trade.
Based on this, it can be said that in the trade of vegetables and fruits, European countries and
the USA tend to act as importers while Asian countries and other developing countries act as
exporters. In other words, the flow of vegetable and fruit trade tends to move from Asian and
other developing countries and towards developed countries.
United States has natural resources of land and sea that can be renewed with the support of
human resources, technology, and agroclimate. United States has a large population of
approximately 220 million people with this large population we can develop agriculture more
widely. Furthermore, United States has also adopted technology from outside and conducted
research on agricultural technology, this can help farmers and entrepreneurs to develop
technology. Furthermore, agroclimatically United States has a favorable climate for
2
agriculture because it consists of two seasons, namely summer and rainy throughout the year,
with this, farmers can produce throughout the year.
With these strengths, United States should be able to capture market opportunities in the
country in particular and abroad in general. If United States exports a lot, it will bring foreign
exchange to the country so that the country becomes prosperous. The prosperity to be
obtained should be done with serious efforts by all parties. Based on this, the author is
interested in writing an article entitled "Strategies for Utilizing Market Opportunities for
Agricultural Products in International Trade".
The writing of this article aims to find out the market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade and to find out how strategies to take advantage of market opportunities for
agricultural products in international trade. The writing of this article is useful for farmers to
know the strategy of utilizing market opportunities for agricultural products in international
trade. Furthermore, it can be an inspiration for readers to further research on market
opportunities in agricultural products in international trade.
Research Methodology
In this writing, the discussion is carried out with a qualitative descriptive method of analyzing
the results of various references in accordance with the purpose of the writing. Various studies
related to market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade and strategies
for utilizing market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade. This paper
also contains a review of various related research results, according to the purpose of writing
as well as to add insight to the discussion and underlie conclusions, suggestions in strategies
to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Results and Discussion
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
3
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
4
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
5
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
6
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
7
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
8
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
9
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
10
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
11
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
12
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
13
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
14
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
15
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
16
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
17
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
18
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
19
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
20
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
21
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
22
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
23
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
24
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
25
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
26
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
27
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
28
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
29
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
30
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
31
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
32
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
33
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
34
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
35
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
36
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
37
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
38
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
39
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
40
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
41
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
42
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
43
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
44
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
45
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
46
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
47
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
48
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
49
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
50
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
51
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
52
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
53
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
54
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
55
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
56
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
57
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
58
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
59
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
60
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
61
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
62
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
63
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
64
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
65
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
66
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
67
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
68
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
69
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
70
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
71
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
72
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
73
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
74
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
75
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
76
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
77
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
78
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
79
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
80
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
81
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
82
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
83
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
84
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
85
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
86
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
87
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
88
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
89
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
90
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
91
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
92
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
93
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
94
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
95
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
96
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
97
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
98
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
99
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
10
0
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
10
1
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
10
2
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
10
3
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
10
4
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
10
5
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
10
6
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
10
7
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
10
8
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
10
9
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
11
0
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
11
1
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
11
2
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
11
3
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
11
4
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
11
5
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
11
6
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
11
7
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
11
8
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
11
9
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
12
0
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
12
1
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
12
2
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
12
3
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
12
4
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
12
5
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
12
6
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
12
7
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
12
8
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
12
9
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
13
0
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
13
1
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
13
2
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
13
3
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
13
4
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
13
5
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
13
6
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
13
7
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
13
8
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
13
9
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
14
0
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
14
1
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
14
2
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
14
3
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
14
4
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
14
5
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
14
6
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
14
7
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
14
8
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
14
9
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
15
0
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
15
1
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
15
2
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
15
3
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
15
4
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
15
5
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
15
6
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
15
7
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
15
8
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
15
9
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
16
0
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
16
1
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
16
2
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
16
3
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
16
4
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
16
5
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
16
6
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
16
7
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
16
8
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
16
9
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
17
0
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
17
1
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
17
2
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
17
3
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
17
4
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
17
5
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
17
6
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
17
7
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
17
8
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
17
9
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
18
0
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
18
1
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
18
2
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
18
3
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
18
4
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
18
5
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
18
6
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
18
7
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
18
8
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
18
9
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
19
0
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
19
1
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
19
2
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
19
3
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
19
4
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
19
5
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
19
6
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
19
7
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
19
8
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
19
9
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
20
0
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
20
1
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
20
2
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
20
3
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
20
4
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
20
5
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
20
6
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
20
7
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
20
8
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
20
9
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
21
0
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
21
1
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
21
2
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
21
3
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
21
4
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
21
5
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
21
6
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
21
7
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
21
8
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
21
9
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
22
0
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
22
1
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
22
2
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
22
3
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
22
4
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
22
5
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
22
6
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
22
7
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
22
8
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
22
9
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
23
0
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
23
1
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
23
2
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
23
3
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
23
4
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
23
5
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
23
6
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
23
7
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
23
8
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
23
9
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
24
0
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
24
1
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
24
2
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
24
3
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
24
4
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
Identify market opportunities for agricultural products in international trade.
Basically, agricultural products and their derivative products have good market potential.
Even not only in the local and national markets, the needs of agricultural products are in great
demand by customers, but now the export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in
United States, so it is hoped that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can
compete with other products from neighboring countries (Anonimus, 2011).
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities in
international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom, sweet bark,
nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa. Suprihartini said that tea is marketed to Sri Lanka,
Kenya, China, and India. However, some of United States tea export destinations such as
Pakistan, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Russia, the United States, Singapore,
Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Egypt, Morocco, and Austria were taken over by other tea-
producing countries (Suprihartini, 2005). Furthermore, Hutabarat added, the target markets
for United States coffee commodities are Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands (Hutabarat, 2006).
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. Fruits such as mangosteen, papaya, banana, and
salak. Ornamental plants such as Finger Palm (Raphis Excelsa). Vegetables such as vegetable
dumplings are marketed to Singapore. While fruit products are marketed to American
24
5
countries. Furthermore, ornamental plants are marketed to the Netherlands and Arabia.
Kustiari, Reni, Helena J. Purba, and Hermanto (2012), stated that United States mangosteen
export volume has increased over time, but its market share and export competitiveness have
tended to fall. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve quality and look for countries with
large import demand and fast growth rates. In addition, it is necessary to explore efforts to
diversify products (mangosteen processed products) to increase the price per unit of export
and increase the added value of producers.
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world. According to the results of research, in one of the mass media in the world,
rendang is designated as the most delicious food in the world.
Based on the above, there are so many foreign market opportunities that can be controlled by
United States. United States must continue to export agricultural products to these foreign
markets. So that if United States can take a role in international trade, it will certainly increase
the country's income / foreign exchange.
Know how to strategically utilize market opportunities for agricultural products in
international trade.
Given the increasingly fierce international trade competition, more concrete and coordinated
efforts (tips) should be made in encouraging agricultural products to be able to penetrate
international markets. Some of the basic things that must be done include:
(1) Educate farmers about the higher quality requirements of agricultural products, (2)
Technical training on quality assurance of cultivation, (3) Create agricultural development
policies that are more conducive for farmers to compete in the international market, for
example by providing tax incentives or price subsidies, (4) Increase and streamline
international trade lobbying, (5) Expand the international market with agricultural products
that are unique to United States so that they have a comparative advantage.
Trade lobbying can be done by further streamlining the role of trade attachés and agricultural
24
6
attachés abroad or by establishing special offices that handle trade in agricultural products in
countries that are potential importers of United States products. In addition, it is also
necessary to consider a policy of opening the door to uncontrolled imports of agricultural
products into United States, which is detrimental to the position of farmers in the country. The
flood of Imported agricultural products, which compete directly with domestic products and at
low prices, can foster farmers' frustration in farming.
The expansion of international markets with agricultural commodities that are unique to
United States needs to be considered so that United States agricultural commodities do not
have to compete head to head with similar products abroad. This effort will certainly be
related to a more comprehensive agricultural policy, for example by maintaining germplasm
sources of commodities that are unique to United States, increasing plant breeding efforts to
obtain varieties that are more competitive in terms of quality and the provision of agricultural
commodities for the export market.
Furthermore, in order to compete in international trade, added value is also needed in every
product. According to former Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in
the era of President BJ Habibie, Adi Sasoso, there are at least several things that must be done
so that United States agricultural products can meet international standards. Moreover,
international trade requires continuity, not just one export and then stop. Because usually
trade contracts are long term. As in palm oil companies, but the Chairman of the National
Spice Council regrets that palm oil is still traded in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) has not
moved on to its derivative products. He also pointed out that rattan from United States is
easily exported without being processed. As a result, China, which is one of the export
destinations, currently has rattan stocks for the next 15 years. Even spice products, which
have been one of United States mainstays since ancient times, are still exported in raw form.
So far, standardization has not become an obligation as a condition of trade. Technical
standards have actually been carried out and developed by the National Standardization
Agency supported by the Ministry of Agriculture (Anonimus, 2011).
Furthermore, providing added value to agricultural products. Then how to build infrastructure
networks such as warehouse assistance, financing policies that are more diverse according to
24
7
the type of business. In general, there are several requirements that must be met by the
industry and trade of agricultural products in international trade. Such as sanitary and
phytosanitary measures, domestic support, market access, and export subsidies (Pasquali,
1995).
The first requirement is usually a strict standard applied by the importing country. Importing
countries are allowed to set their own standards as long as there is no element of
discrimination. Furthermore, in order to get more value from international trade, agricultural
products are United States must be able to meet the standards that have been set. So that
products can directly enter the international market and not be played by traders just because
they do not meet the standards (Anonimus, 2011).
Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih (2020) stated that in order to take advantage of the
increasing market opportunities for vegetables and fruits both in the domestic market and in
the world market, efforts are needed to increase production and production capacity of
vegetables and fruits. Agronomically, the increase in production can be achieved by
increasing the harvest area and/or increasing productivity.
The main challenge facing United States in vegetable and fruit agribusiness in entering the era
of free trade and the ASEAN common market is: "how United States can stem imports of
vegetables and fruits, especially those that can be produced locally and increase exports
without the support of trade protection policies and policies that subsidize input prices and
output prices". On this basis, there are 6 things that must be considered, namely: (a) improve
the quality of vegetables and fruits in accordance with domestic consumer preferences and in
accordance with applicable product quality standards in importing countries, (b) increase the
production of vegetables and fruits in quantities that meet the needs of consumers in the
country and importing countries, (c) improve production efficiency that can reduce production
costs per unit of product, (d) build an efficient logistics system that is able to control the
supply of products in a timely manner, the right quality and quantity needed by the market at
low cost, (e) create an investment climate conducive to the development of vegetable and fruit
agribusiness, and (f) control and maintain the stability of the rupiah exchange rate (Irawan,
Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
24
8
The various efforts above should be applied together because each aspect has a different
function and is interrelated. Quality improvement is needed so that the products produced can
be accepted by the market in accordance with consumer preferences. Increased production is
needed so that the quantity of domestic market needs and export needs can be met.
Decreasing production costs per unit of product is necessary so that in the same market
segment the products marketed are relatively cheap so that they can compete with products
marketed by other producing countries. The development of an efficient logistics system is
necessary so that the supply of products to the consumer market can be carried out in a timely
manner, according to the quality and quantity required by the market, and with relatively low
trading costs. Meanwhile, creating a conducive investment climate and controlling the
exchange rate of the rupiah are necessary for ensure business profits for agribusiness actors
(Irawan, Bambang and Ening Ariningsih, 2020).
Based on the above, the strategy to utilize market opportunities for agricultural products starts
with empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards as required in international trade. Next, improve
and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in United States so that they can sell agricultural
products to importers abroad at higher prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase
the selling value of agricultural products, so the development of the agricultural processing
industry should be encouraged.
Based on the discussion of the reference analysis above, it is hoped that exporters can expand
the market for United States agricultural products in international trade by conducting
promotions (tours) to export destination countries. Furthermore, so that the above strategies
can be implemented by relevant stakeholders.
Conclusions
From the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn;
Export market opportunities are wide open for farmers in United States, so it is hoped
that commodity products produced by domestic farmers can compete with other products
from neighboring countries.
24
9
Agricultural products included in plantation products that have good export opportunities
in international trade include tea, rubber, coffee, palm oil, rattan, cloves, cardamom,
sweet bark, nutmeg, gambier, sugar cane, and cocoa.
Agricultural products included in horticultural products that have export opportunities are
vegetables such as Cabbage (vegetable dumplings) and spinach, fruits such as
mangosteen, papaya, banana, and salak, and ornamental plants such as Palem Jari (Raphis
Excelsa).
Agricultural products included in livestock that have export opportunities are processed
livestock products, namely rendang, exported to American countries and other countries
around the world.
The strategy to capitalize on market opportunities for agricultural products starts with
empowering farmers so that they can produce good products. Furthermore, agricultural
products must have good quality standards in accordance with what is required in the
market international trade. Next, improve and streamline trade lobbying by exporters in
United States so that they can sell agricultural products to importers abroad at higher
prices. Finally, more added value is needed to increase the selling value of agricultural
products, so the development of the agricultural processing industry should be
encouraged.
