CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND AGRARIAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPACTS

CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND AGRARIAN RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT IMPACTS

Introduction

United States has natural resources that are very abundant, easily accessible and can be

utilized effectively to meet the needs of its population (Anwar & Wahyuni, 2019; Nurmiyati,

2021). These natural resources can be abiotic and biotic such as: gold, oil, natural gas, coal,

forest products, land products, which are available in various regions of United States and

collectively as an interconnected ecosystem. Consistent good management of natural

resources is very important for United States internal and neighboring countries (Lobubun et

al., 2022; Butarbutar, 2012). Conversely, poor and environmentally unfriendly natural

resource management will contribute significantly to global climate change (Tursilowati,

2015).

Climate change affects the lives of people globally and alters weather patterns that

disrupt the normal balance of nature (J. Ring et al., 2012; Ouyang et al., 2023; Rizaty, 2022;

Xenarios et al., 2019). For example, rising temperatures on the Earth's surface will certainly

trigger the melting of polar ice caps, extreme temperatures, forest and land fires and storms

(Hansen et al., 2016; Rosen, 2021). In addition, the occurrence of rain with more intensity

will facilitate the transportation of bacteria, nitrogen from human activities on the surface to

the channel/river/lake/reservoir so that the water becomes polluted (Ballard et al., 2019;

Michalak, 2016; Nurjanah, 2018; Susilawati, 2021). As an archipelago and agricultural

country, United States has a high potential vulnerability to climate change that triggers El

Nino (low rainfall) and La Nina (high rainfall) (Fajri et al., 2019). The presence of La Nina

causes changes in cropping patterns, planting periods, and crop productivity in agriculture,

while El Nino causes drought and forest and land fires.

Historically, United States has been a major contributor to climate change due to high

rates of deforestation through both small- and large-scale land use and forest licensing

schemes (Austin et al., 2019; Indarto et al., 2015; Kubitza et al., 2018; Sunderlin & Peluso,

1993). In addition, a number of political and economic events during each administration

have also contributed to forest loss and land degradation in order to increase national income

(Hakim, 2016; Kustanto, 2022; Pachmann, 2021). An example is research from Isnaeni

(2021) who said that during the old order, the United States National Army (TNI) did not

hesitate to 'clean' forest areas suspected of hiding rebels. Furthermore, during the new order

with the birth of Law No.5/1967 which opened the way for Forest Concession Rights (HPH)

business actors to export timber. This resulted in the destruction of 64 million hectares of

production forest outside Java and widespread logging by the surrounding community.

Therefore, the deforestation rate in the 1985-1998 period was recorded at no less than 1.6-1.8

million ha per year (Kraus et al., 2021; Nurrochmat et al., 2023).

In the political field, the birth of Law No.41/1999 did not prevent the rate of

deforestation and land degradation (Karjoko et al., 2021). It was noted that in the next period

of government (the Reform Order), deforestation occurred at a rate of at least 1.5 million ha

per year in the 2000-2009. The following year, 2009-2013, although there was a decrease in

the deforestation rate of 1.13 million ha per year, it was more inclined because the remaining

forests were difficult to access/exploit due to their remote and steep location (Forest Watch

United States, 2014). In 2014-until now, with the leadership of President Joko Widodo

massively campaigning to eradicate deforestation and restore degraded land. Therefore, by

the end of 2022, with the massive campaign to eradicate deforestation, the annual

deforestation rate will drop to 270,000 ha per year with a relatively stable and decreasing

trend (Nurbaya et al., 2022).

An ongoing commitment to mitigating climate change must be upheld by stakeholders

at several scales, including the individual, collective, communal and governmental levels.

Effective management of United States natural resources must of course adhere to the basic

provisions of Article 33 of the 45th Constitution and this requires consideration of four

important components, namely human resources, technology, money and utilization (Tahar,

2017). Despite its dismal track record during the colonial period through to the new

government system (New Order) and the current Reform Order, the Government of United

States continues to protect forests and land to prevent climate change. The United States

government also continues to reduce CO2 emissions, promote sustainable agriculture,

increase access of the poor to forests and seek innovations in alternative renewable energy

(Febriani et al., 2023; Gunawan & Afriyanti, 2019; Lagiman, 2020). Therefore, the

formulation of the problem in this study is what is the realization of the United States

government to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change at the local, regional and

international levels?

This study differs from other studies in that it focuses on identifying recent patterns and

trends resulting from United States efforts to address and adapt to climate change,

particularly in the forest and land sector. If Legionosuko et al. (2019) only recommends

integrating strategies to deal with climate change into the national development process, this

study will present concrete evidence that United States has done in dealing with climate

change. In addition, this study will also complement research (Aisya, 2019) that not only

collaborates with foreign parties to deal with climate change but by co-operating with local

parties such as ministries, state-owned enterprises, local governments and local communities.

Finally, this study aims to outline the achievements of natural resource management by the

government and related stakeholders in the forest and land sector in order to realize Net Zero

Emission (NZE).

Research Methods

This research uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach (Lepenioti et

al., 2020; Ridwan, Ulum, Muhammad, et al., 2021; Snyder, 2019). The author uses literature

sources in the form of books, scientific magazines, archives of performance reports from

forest and land-related agencies, national and international journal articles and other literature

sources other documents that are all in electronic form. The author used scientific websites to

search for publications relevant to the theme of the study, such as: sinta (science and

technology index), google scholar, google books, and mendeley. The keywords used to search

for publications were typing and spelling 'forest and land management in United States' in

both United States and English. This was to obtain relevant information to answer the

research questions. In addition, the author also entered keywords on certain journal websites

in the search menu to get complete pdf files.

The stages of the literature study in this study are that the author initially determines

the title, collects relevant materials, reads quickly, and reads carefully the publications that

have been obtained. Next, the author recorded the important parts of each reading and

decided which publications to use as literature sources. The important parts that have been

recorded are then grouped in order of year period from the oldest to the newest to answer the

study questions and conclude. We used Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word version 365 to

organize and present the complete manuscript. The data analysis that the author uses is

descriptive analysis to understand and get the best conclusion in the research (Ridwan, Ulum,

& Muhammad, 2021).

Results and Discussion

United States Achievements in Forest and Land Management

To aid and enhance restoration efforts worldwide, the United Nations (UN) has

declared 2021-2030 as the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. The Restoration Agenda

offers prospects for United States to prevent, halt and restore previously degraded trees,

increase resilience and transition to renewable energy and productivity (Valkó et al., 2023).

Forest and land restoration that has been carried out by United States leads to an

activity carried out by a person or group of people to improve the condition of damaged

forests and land (Indrajaya et al., 2022). The way to restore forests and land can rely on

innate ecosystem resilience, natural restoration with locally suitable seeds, and post-planting

care (Astuti, 2020). In addition, forest and land restoration can be carried out through

agroforestry schemes, reforestation, and stopping forest conversion from mining, plantation

and agricultural businesses (Budiharta et al., 2016). These methods have the bargaining

power to restore some of the essential functions of forests and land that have been lost due to

increased deforestation and degradation (Rahmani et al., 2022).

In the forest and land sector, United States has made the following efforts:

 Peatland control and governance

Since 2011, the MoEF has extended the moratorium and reviewed the licenses issued

to businesses (Agung et al., 2018; Pertasari, 2022). The permit review is an integral part of

the moratorium extension considering that there are 5.7 hectares of forests with overlapping

licenses (Farisi, 2023). Therefore, the central government through Presidential Instruction

(Inpres) Number 10 of 2011 concerning Postponement of Granting New Licenses and

Improving Governance of Primary Natural Forests and Peatlands, within eight years since the

moratorium was enacted, the area of primary natural forests and peatlands protected by the

moratorium policy was reduced by 3 million hectares from a total of 66 million hectares.

Based on this, the central government finally made this policy permanent through

Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2019 concerning the Termination of New Licenses and

Improvement of Primary Natural Forest and Peatland Governance.

In addition, policies on peat protection and management also rely on Government

Regulation (PP) No. 71/2014 jo PP. 57/2016, whose authority has been vested in the Peatland

Restoration Agency (BRG) since 2016. BRG has responsibilities, one of which is to restore

peatlands with a target of 1.2 million hectares in seven provinces in United States (Yuliani,

2018). On the community and multi-stakeholder side, there are also several programs that

aim to protect peatlands such as: Independent Peat Protection Village and Independent Peat

Care Village (Fazriyas et al., 2018; Syarif et al., 2019). These programs reduce the burden of

restoring damaged peatland areas, which often cause forest fires and haze. On the private

sector. They are also involved in restoring damaged peatlands within their concession areas.

This is because there are 531 companies operating in restoration areas (Agung et al., 2018).

Therefore, the author argues that it is necessary to synergize PP and Inpres-level regulations

with Law Number 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning and Law Number 27 of 2007 in

conjunction with Law Number 1 of 2014 concerning Management of Coastal Areas and

Small Islands regulating supervision and law enforcement related to violations of spatial

planning.

 Rehabilitation and conservation of mangrove and seagrass areas

Rehabilitation of mangrove areas is related to the sustainability of blue carbon

ecosystems (BCE). BCE plays an important role in mitigating and adapting to climate

change. BCE consists of coastal areas with mangrove and seagrass vegetation that have the

ability to absorb and store carbon up to six times higher than ordinary forests (Khairunnisa et

al., 2018). BCE can also improve the socio-economic conditions of communities, especially

coastal communities, and serve as a natural buffer to protect against the risks of coastal areas

(Prayuda et al., 2019). Based on the 2021 National Mangrove Map, United States has

3,364,076 hectares of mangrove vegetated area, making it the country with the largest

mangrove area in the world (Putra et al., 2019). In addition, United States has 16 types of

seagrasses or 22 percent of the world's mangroves (Putra et al., 2019) all seagrass species in

the world with a validated seagrass area of 293,464 ha (Sulawesi et al., 2016).

United States commitment to rehabilitate 600,000 ha of mangrove forests is in line with

Presidential Regulation (Perpres) No. 120/2020 on Peat and Mangrove Restoration Agency.

In addition, the President of United States also issued Presidential Regulation No. 98/2021 on

the Economic Value of Carbon for Achieving Nationally Determined Contribution Targets

and Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions in National Development. This regulation

regulates the mechanism for implementing carbon economic valuation, including the marine

sector. Efforts to improve data on the potential and existence of United States mangrove

forests began with the launch of the National Mangrove Map in November 2021. Currently,

the authority to manage BCE lies with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Based on a study (Septory, 2014), mangrove

vegetation is included in the definition of forest according to the Forestry Law, and is also

included in marine and coastal resources as stipulated in the Coastal Zone Management Law.

According to the author, this duplication of authority results in uncertainty and

ineffectiveness in the management of BCEs, which risks the protection of BCEs. Therefore,

the central government needs to resolve these issues by amending and synchronizing these

laws.

 Providing access to forest management through social forestry schemes

Social forestry schemes offer potential legal protection for communities living around

forest areas to manage forests (Yuliana, 2022). This type of scheme can also improve

community welfare and environmental balance while maintaining the socio-cultural

dynamics of communities around the forest. In many parts of United States, social forestry

schemes are effective in protecting forests while reducing ecological and economic impacts

on local communities (Khanifa et al., 2021).

The government's limited capacity to protect the vast and scattered forests makes

community involvement essential to protect them. Therefore, economic incentives need to be

offered to communities that actively maintain the forest sector (Wirawan & Amrifo, 2020).

Such as when the community purchases seedlings, plants them and maintains them. In

addition, forest protection can be encouraged through its utilization and management

involving local communities. Local communities can utilize and manage the forest sector

through several activities, such as community-based ecotourism (Kamaluddin & Tamrin,

2019; Rohmayanto et al., 2019). Forest management and utilization by communities will run

optimally if there is strong legal protection for their access and assets in the forest. Until mid-

2023, the realization of social forestry was 5.3 million hectares from the target of 12.7

hectares or 41.7% (Ministry of ATR/BPN, 2023).

 Forest area arrangement

As a follow-up to Law No. 11 of 2020 as revoked by PERPU No. 2 of 2022 concerning

Job Creation, and PP. No. 23 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Forestry, the MoEF

has a strategic role in realizing equitable and sustainable forest areas. There are three

indicators to assess that KLHK is trying to realize this, namely: the area of forest area

released for Land Object of Agrarian Reform (TORA), the area of forest area managed by the

community, and the area of forest area with the status of determination (Junarto & Djurjani,

2020).

It is known that forest areas that can be released into TORA are sourced from forest

areas that have a function as conversion production forests, 20% allocation from plantations

and PPTKH (Settlement of Land Tenure in Forest Areas or PPTPKH (Settlement of Land

Tenure in the Framework of Forest Area Arrangement) (Salim et al., 2021). The whole

scheme has a target of 4.1 million hectares based on the 2015-2019 and 2019-2024 RPJM. As

of 21 July 2023, KLHK was able to realize the release of 349,154 hectares of forest area or

8.52% with various schemes (Ministry of ATR/BPN, 2023). In addition, based on the RPJM,

MoEF also has a social forestry target in order to realize forest management by communities

covering 12.7 hectares and as of December 2023, MoEF has realized social forestry covering

5.31 million hectares or 41.7% consisting of 8,041 decrees for communities totaling 1.14

million households (Amanda, 2023).

Then, based on the Report of the Director of Forest Area Stipulation and Management

in December 2023, the MoEF has realized the establishment of forest areas covering

99,659,996 million hectares with 2,328 units of Forest Area Determination Decree (Anugrah,

2023). Based on this realization, there was an acceleration of forest area determination of

10,006,045 hectares consisting of 179 decrees in 2022 and KLHK has also set a target of

determining forest areas reaching 15.9 million hectares with a boundary length of

approximately 44,739 Km in 2023. In this case, KLHK has the authority to manage forest

areas covering 125,795,306 hectares with a boundary length of 373,828.44 km consisting of

284,032.3 km of outer boundaries and 89,796.1 km of forest area function boundaries.

Therefore, KLHK has also carried out forest area boundary arrangement activities along

332,184 Km or approximately 88% consisting of 242,387.8 Km or 65% of forest area outer

boundary arrangement and 89,796 Km or 24% of forest area function boundary arrangement.

 Optimizing the role of State-Owned Enterprises

In line with the times, United States has witnessed several advances, including the

increasingly complicated administration of government and the conduct of national and state

affairs in general. Currently, several government organizations or government agencies,

private agencies, state institutions and SOEs are undergoing a transformation process, giving

rise to entities that have been unfamiliar (Rachmadi, 2019). The main purpose of this change

is to optimize service delivery to stakeholders and the community.

State-owned enterprises play an important role in society as agents of development and

key participants in government initiatives (Ministry of SOEs, 2018). They have a sizable

impact on the national economy and contributing to state revenue. In this scenario, the

government has allocated specific tasks to several State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) with the

aim of providing services that meet the needs of society. In line with the five priorities of the

Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), efforts are made to improve value creation,

efficiency, supply chain strengthening and business model innovation. This is done through

institutional strengthening and working mechanisms, including the establishment of SOE

holdings based on certain clusters. These clusterings include holdings in fertilizer, cement,

plantations, forestry, energy, survey services, aviation, food, defense, and mutual funds. As

of June 2022, United States has a total of 91 State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), consisting of

79 Persero and 12 Perum spread across 12 different industrial sectors. The cumulative value

of state assets invested in these SOEs amounted to IDR 2,469 trillion in 2021 (Forecast,

2023).

Since 2014, forestry holding companies and plantation holding companies have been

formed. This was marked by the signing of a 90% share transfer document from PTPN I-XIV

to the parent company PTPN III and the signing of a 100% share transfer document from PT

inhutani 1-V to Perum Perhutani (BPK RI, 2016). The purpose of the establishment of this

holding is to become an advanced state-owned company, one command and one management

based on the order of PP No. 73 Year 2014.

Perum Perhutani successfully initiated food issues in line with the regulations

contained in the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry Number

P.81/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/10/2016 (DPR RI, 2022). The focus on collaboration in

utilizing forest areas to support food security is that Perhutani actively contributes to food

security initiatives by providing land and establishing partnerships with seven strategic

entities, namely PTPN IX, PTPN X, PTPN XI, PT.WDM, PT.KTM, PT.GMM, and PT.URS.

These partnerships mainly focus on sugarcane cultivation. These partnerships mainly focus

on sugarcane cultivation, with a total license area of 24,813 hectares granted by the Ministry

of Environment and Forestry. The area is spread across 19 Forest Management Units

(FMUs).

In addition, based on the 2020-2024 Regional Medium-Term Development Plan

(RJPP) of Perum Perhutani, there is a strategic initiative for independent sugarcane

cultivation through the Mandiri Sugar Cane Agroforestry program. This program is targeted

to cover an area of 18,256 hectares by 2024. As of 2021, the program has been implemented

on 574 hectares of land, the result of cooperation between Perum Perhutani, State-Owned

Enterprises, and PTPN. In addition, it is estimated that by 2022 1,758 hectares will be

developed through the Mandiri Tebu Agroforestry (ATM) plan, and an additional 3,122

hectares will be developed through SOE synergy projects in collaboration with PTPN

Holding. Perum Perhutani has been included in the Ministry of SOEs' Prosperous Project

Management Officer (PMO) together with other food SOEs to improve the efficiency of corn

cultivation on 8,755 hectares of land. Within the framework of this PMO, Perhutani's

responsibilities include facilitate the provision of land and provide guidance to farmers who

utilize forest land for maize cultivation.

On the other hand, Perum Perhutani has also partnered with institutions in villages related to

food security efforts (Masrurun & Nastiti, 2023). For example, Perum Perhutani in the

implementation of forest management activities cooperates with Forest Village Community

Institutions (LMDH) where each LMDH has members who are communities around the

forest, by the Forest Village Community by planting certain plant commodities with

agroforestry patterns. Currently there are as many as 5,395 LMDH have cooperated with

Perum Perhutani, with 62 types of commodities that have been developed including: land

utilization for planting food security commodities: rice, corn and soybeans; non-timber forest

products such as: coffee plants, mangoes, bananas (DPR RI, 2022). In addition, in Perum

Perhutani's RJPP 2020-2024, Perum Perhutani has developed a strategic project 'perhutani

subsidiaries reorganization' which is one part of 88 BUMN strategic projects. The strategic

project includes the reorganization of Perhutani subsidiaries through merger schemes, spin

off tourism businesses and liquidation. Perum Perhutani's contributions as a holding SOE in

the forestry sector in 2021 include: (1) every year has planted more than 50,000 hectares; (2)

increased forest land cover from 71% in 2016 to 73%; (3) since 2010 has consistently

increased the area of protected areas by 978,563 hectares or 40% of the total area of 2.4

million hectares.

Strategies to Achieve Net Zero Emission (NZE)

United States has made efforts to reduce to eliminate the use of fossil fuels by using

renewable energy. Renewable energy provides clean energy that can be recharged even

though its availability tends to be more limited than fossil energy. Examples include solar,

wind, water and biomass. New initiatives underway in United States make it a reference

point for developing countries in reducing deforestation and emissions including a possible

domestic carbon pricing mechanism.

United States regulatory history records that the country has a strong commitment to

realizing a sustainable economy (Hadmoko & Hizbaaron, 2022). In 1973, the State Policy

Guidelines (GBHN) integrated development with environmental protection. In 1978 United

States also established the State Ministry of Environmental Development Supervision, which

is now merged with the Ministry of Forestry under the name of the Ministry of Environment

and Forestry. Then in 1982 United States passed Law No.4/1982 concerning Basic

Provisions for Environmental Protection which prioritizes the role of the community. In 1987

United States became a member of the World Commission on Environment and

Development (WCED) which provided input to the Rio Declaration at the 1992 Rio

Conference.

Subsequently, United States adopted the Rio Declaration by issuing Law No.23/1997 to

respond to the concept of environmentally sound and sustainable development. In line with

the green economy concept codified in the Green Economy Initiative (GEI) in late 2008,

Bappenas launched the United States Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR) 2010-

2029 (Bappenas, 2011). This is useful for reducing pollution and the climate change potential

of unsustainable economic activities. United States commitment is also ratified through Law

No.16/2016 on the ratification of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change. The law is then translated into one of the nawacita contained

in the 2020-2024 State Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) or Perpres 18/2020

related to environmentally friendly and sustainable development planning. One of the

strategies includes low-carbon development, Net Zero Emission (NZE) policy, and

incentivizing green economy realization.

Then, United States also issued Presidential Regulation 98/2021 on the implementation

of Carbon Economic Value to achieve nationally determined contribution targets and control

greenhouse gas emissions in national development. In line with the issuance of the Job

Creation Law, the Government agreed to create ease of doing business without reducing

standards, safety, security and environmental sustainability. Various policies that have been

issued by the government can be a benchmarking for United States to know where it is, how

the process is and what can be improved. Of course, it also requires a multi-stakeholder and

multi-sector approach for success. In addition, technology will also play an important role in

terms of electricity demand and consumption influenced by population growth, increased per

capita consumption, and commercial activities.

As a country with rich natural resources in nickel, United States has a driving force in

the NZE revolution and stimulates increased green investment and strengthens bilateral

relations and international trade. So far, stakeholders involved in the transformation of

climate-friendly and environmentally friendly development, ranging from the community at

the lowest level to the central government at the top level. At the community level, they are

consciously moved to create and promote a healthy, clean and cool climate for their lives.

Such as the emergence of communities that have actualized such as bike to work, back to

nature lifestyle, the tendency to eat organic food, the existence of climate-friendly villages,

weekend cycling activities. In the industrial sector, business entities are already involved in

production and there is a subsidy for one type of renewable energy, namely biodiesel

(Radhiana et al., 2023). In the banking sector, there are green financing incentive policies, the

imposition of carbon tax disincentives and the preparation of a green taxonomy (Purwanto,

2022). Business entities will receive support in the form of incentives by the central and local

governments. Fiscal authorities took a concrete step by establishing blended finance by PT

Sarana Multi Infrastruktur to fund activities related to the green economy. At least 15 banks

have joined the United States Sustainable Finance Initiative (IKBI) until 2021, with credit

realization of 882 T (Pratiwi, 2021). Sustainable finance is able to harmonize economic,

social and environmental interests by implementing the principles of profit, people and planet

and providing incentives for financing environmentally friendly motor vehicles.

Conclusion

The United States government's efforts to address climate change and make an energy

transition towards Net Zero Emission require extra effort at every level of government.

Therefore, cross-ministerial involvement across business entities is important in anticipating

the impacts of climate change. In the peatland area, the Ministry of Environment and

Forestry has extended the moratorium and reviewed the licenses that have been issued to

business actors. The legal basis for its implementation is Presidential Instruction Number 10

of 2021 and updated with Presidential Instruction Number 5 of 2019. The government also

established the Peatland Restoration Agency (BRG) in 2016 with the authority to restore

peatlands with a target of 1.2 million hectares in seven provinces in United States. In

addition, the government also cooperates with the private sector, namely 531 companies

operating in restoration areas and local communities through the Independent Peat Protection

Village and Independent Peat Care Village programs. In addition to peatlands, the United

States government also focuses on rehabilitating mangrove and seagrass areas with the legal

basis of Presidential Regulation Number 98 of 2021 concerning the Economic Value of

Carbon to achieve nationally set contribution targets and control greenhouse gas emissions in

national development.

In the forest area, the government through KLHK has launched a social forestry

program that provides access to communities around the forest to manage forest areas. The

management refers to a form of sustainable forest management carried out in state forest

areas and customary forests. In this system, local communities or customary law

communities play a central role as the main players, with the aim of improving their welfare,

promoting environmental balance, and encouraging socio-cultural dynamics. The realization

of social forestry schemes covered 5.3 million hectares, or 41.7% of the target of 12.7 million

hectares. In addition, KLHK also succeeded in realizing an equitable and sustainable forest

area by realizing the release of 349,154 hectares of forest area or 8.52% of the total 4.1

million hectares. Furthermore, KLHK was able to realize the determination of forest areas

covering 99,659,996 million hectares with 2,328 units of Forest Area Determination Decree.

On the institutional side, the United States government was able to synergize SOEs by

strengthening institutions, work mechanisms and the establishment of SOE holding. The

realization is that since 2014, a holding company of forestry and plantation holding

companies has been formed for the Public Company (Perum) Perhutani. Perum Perhutani

successfully initiated food issues by establishing seven partnership entities and community

institutions around the forest in 19 Forest Management Unit (KPH) areas. In addition, in the

framework of To achieve Net Zero Emission (NZE), United States is able to reduce the use

of fossil energy with renewable energy. The government is making this effort by issuing a

number of green financing policies and incentives.