BUILDING STATE DEFENSE AWARENESS IN FACING
RADICALISM ISSUES THAT LEAD TO TERRORISM
Introduction
Terrorism and radicalism are global threats that affect national and international
security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger conflicts between countries and between
communities, so they need to be handled seriously. Terrorism and radicalism are often related
to ideologies that are against the national system and values. Therefore, building a view of
state defense is necessary to counter these threats. With the view that state defense is not only
the responsibility of the government, it makes people part of the state who must have a sense
of nationalism and have a sense of responsibility for maintaining the security and sovereignty
of the country (Endro: 2019).
The purpose of writing a journal with the title "Building State Defense Awareness in
Facing Radicalism Issues that lead to acts of Terrorism" is intended to provide a broad view
and understanding regarding the importance of state defense awareness in dealing with the
problems of terrorism and radicalism. In addition, this journal also aims to invite the public to
be actively involved in the development of state defense awareness to maintain national
security stability and prevent acts of terrorism and radicalism.
The scope of the discussion of the journal "How to Build State Defense Awareness in
Facing Radicalism Issues that lead to acts of Terrorism" includes several things, among
others:
The importance of state defense awareness in dealing with the problem of terrorism and
radicalism.
Factors that drive acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external.
The impact of media and technology on the spread of the ideology of terrorism and
radicalism.
Several efforts are needed to raise awareness of state defense and prevent acts of
terrorism and radicalism, such as through education, tolerance development, eradicating
terrorism networks, and community empowerment.
The role of government, society, and other institutions in building awareness of state
defense and addressing issues of terrorism and radicalism.
As such, this journal addresses a very important and relevant topic in the context of
United States national security, and provides a comprehensive and holistic view of the efforts
that need to be made to address the issue of terrorism and radicalism.
Research Methods
This research uses qualitative methods, Creswell argues in qualitative research, it is
considered that reality is not single and objective, but is co-created by individuals involved in
the research situation. There are several types of reality present in a particular situation, and
each individual shapes their personal understanding and experience of that reality (Creswell:
2013). By conducting literature reviews from various sources such as books, journals, and
articles related to this topic, it can help deepen our understanding of co-created reality in
qualitative research. "In this study, the qualitative literature method is used because the
research topic is related to state defense awareness and terrorism issues related to radicalism.
Through this method, literature can be used as a source of data that is diverse and includes
different perspectives on the research topic. Thus, the research results can provide a more
comprehensive and detailed understanding of the research topic under study." (Rifa'i, 2021)
Research Results And Discussion
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism by definition is explained according to Eaton (2016) the definition explains
that acts of violence or threats of violence against civilians or other targets are used to
achieve political, ideological, and religious goals. Then according to Endro (2019), he
describes that terrorism refers to acts of violence carried out by groups or individuals with the
aim of forcing the government or society to fulfill their demands to change policies or
practices that are not in line with the government's policies or practices considered
detrimental to the group or individual. Similarly, Borum (2014) explains that terrorism is an
act of violence by certain groups or individuals with the aim of creating fear and intimidating
the public to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
Thus, from the three definitions above, terrorism is a physical movement using violence
against other people, both groups and individuals, with political, ideological, or religious
goals, which is also aimed at coercion and intimidation carried out by the government and
society to achieve its goals. Acts of terrorism are usually aimed at targets that have no direct
interest in the conflict, such as civilians, infrastructure, or public buildings.
Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism is a view or action that is contrary to the rules and customs that are the
norm for the majority of the population. Radicalism is often identified with extreme actions,
whether in political, social, economic or religious terms (Karaca & Arslan: 2021). In
addition, Sedwick (2010) in his book explains that radicalism is often identified with acts of
violence or acts of extremism carried out by groups or individuals who have views or goals
that are contrary to the majority of society. However, it is important to remember that not all
radicalism leads to violence and extremism, and that there is a difference between radicalism
and terrorism. But according to Q. Wiktorowics (2014), radicalism among Muslims is often
identified with views that are extreme and contrary to the majority of society. Islamic
radicalism can be identified with views that want to enforce a sharia law system or overthrow
a government that is not in line with the truth of Islamic teachings. It should be emphasized
that views on radicalism can vary depending on the author and context. However, in general,
radicalism is often identified with extreme actions or opposing views and customs of existing
citizens.
The Relationship Between Terrorism and Radicalism
Terrorism and radicalism have a close relationship because terrorism is often practiced
by groups with radical ideologies. Radicalism can be defined as an attitude or action of rapid
and extreme social or political change that usually violates democratic values and human
rights. According to Hafez (2007), radicalism and terrorism have a complex relationship.
Radicalism can be considered as the initial stage of the process that leads to terrorism, but not
all radicalized individuals or groups will become terrorists. In general, radicalism reflects an
attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are
controversial or outside the norm. Meanwhile, an act of terrorism is an act of violence
perpetrated and directed against the general public and government with a specific political or
ideological goal. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as
a way to achieve their goals. Groups affiliated with radical ideologies often feel that violence
is a legitimate way to achieve their goals. They think that by committing violence and acts of
terror, they can force the government or society to fulfill their demands. This is why terrorism
is often carried out by groups with radical ideologies.
However, according to Azani and Saputra (2019), terrorism and radicalism are closely
related because terrorism often results from radical thoughts or views. They also emphasized
that radicalism and terrorism do not only occur outside but also within the country. Therefore,
there is a need to prevent radicalism from developing into acts of terrorism that harm society.
Thus, not all radical groups commit acts of terrorism. Many radical groups use other means to
achieve their goals, such as petitioning, mobilizing the masses, or establishing political
parties. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between radicalism and acts of violence or
terrorism.
Therefore, in the context of terrorism prevention, it is important to understand the
relationship between terrorism and radicalism because terrorism prevention efforts must also
involve radicalism prevention. Radicalism prevention is done to reduce the number of people
who are exposed to radical ideologies that can trigger terrorism in the future.
Legislative policy
In 2018, the United States government showed its commitment in combating the
dangers of terrorism by issuing a new law, Law No. 5/2018. This is an amendment to the
previous law, Law No. 15 of 2003, which stipulates the government regulation in lieu of Law
No. 1 of 2002 on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism into law. There are several
important points in the content of this latest terrorism eradication law, including:
In order to distinguish the crime of terrorism from other crimes that have similar
consequences, a clear definition of terrorism is needed so that the scope of the crime of
terrorism can be identified appropriately.
There is an expansion of the criminalization of the crime of terrorism, which includes
those who are involved in terrorist organizations and deliberately spread ideas with the
intention of provoking people to follow them.
Expansion of criminalization to personnel or people who participate in preparatory
actions such as military and paramilitary training. In addition, there is an expansion of
the use of tools or weapons to commit acts of terrorism which is also an act subject to
criminal sanctions.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the latest terrorism eradication law imposes severe
penalties for terrorism, including for cases of attempting and aiding to commit acts of
terrorism.
There is an expansion of criminal sanctions applicable to corporations, and such
sanctions can also be imposed on the pioneer.
The latest counter-terrorism law introduces the additional punishment of enforcing
citizenship administrative measures.
In an effort to speed up the investigation and prosecution process, the latest eradication
of acts of terrorism provides additional time in the investigation process.
The law on terrorism eradication stipulates that the prevention and/or countermeasures
of terrorism and the authority, duties for all agencies must work together and
coordinated by a National Counterterrorism Agency.
The law also regulates the institutionalization of BNPT, its supervision, and the role of
the United States National Army in preventing and countering terrorism.
Discussion
Data on Terrorism Incidents in United States
Over the past few years, United States has experienced several cases of terrorism that
have been detrimental to national security and stability. The issue of terrorism is closely
related to radicalism, which is often the trigger for these terrorist acts. Terrorism is a global
threat that affects national and international security. Radicalism and terrorism can trigger
conflicts between countries and between communities, so they need to be handled seriously.
Radicalism and terrorism are often related to ideologies that are against the national system
and values.
Factors that Drive Terrorism and Radicalism
These factors can be divided into factors that come from within (internal) and factors
that come from outside (external). According to A.S Hendro (2019). Internal factors are
related to conditions and situations within a country, while external factors are related to
factors outside the country. So that it can be explained as follows:
Internal factors. Internal factors that drive terrorism and radicalism include
dissatisfaction with the government and state institutions, injustice, social and
economic inequality, and the government's failure to address social and economic
problems. These factors can trigger frustration and dissatisfaction that is then directed
towards radical actions.
External factors. External factors that encourage terrorism and radicalism include
support and influence from international terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
others. In addition, external factors can also come from neighboring countries that are
experiencing conflicts, such as in the Philippines and the Middle East.
The influence of media and technology. Media and technology also have an influence
in encouraging terrorism and radicalism. Media and technology can be used by terrorist
groups to spread their ideology and propaganda, as well as recruit new members. In
addition, media and technology can also facilitate communication and coordination
between different terrorist groups.
In order to overcome terrorism and radicalism, it is necessary to overcome the factors
that encourage acts of terrorism and radicalism, both internal and external. The government
and society need to work together in building awareness of state defense and maintaining
national security stability. In addition, monitoring of media and technology also needs to be
improved to prevent the spread of radical propaganda and ideology.
The Impact of Terrorism and Radicalism on the State
Social impact. Terrorism and radicalism can have a huge social impact. The impact of
terrorism can be both direct and indirect. Directly, terrorism can cause many people to
die and be injured, as well as create fear and trauma in the community. Indirectly,
terrorism can trigger discrimination, intolerance, and conflicts between community
groups. In addition, terrorism and radicalism can also damage a country's image in the
eyes of the international community, thus impacting the country's international
relations.
Economic impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism can also affect the economic
sector. Terrorism can cause damage to infrastructure and public facilities, and hamper
economic activity. In addition, according to Endro (2019), terrorism can also cause
security instability that can affect the flow of investment and international trade, thus
impacting the country's economic growth.
Political impact. The impact of terrorism and radicalism on the political sector can
threaten government stability and state security. Terrorism and radicalism can trigger
political polarization, increase tension between community groups, and threaten
freedom of speech and democracy. In addition, the impact of terrorism can also force
the government to take harsh measures and limit individual freedoms, resulting in
human rights violations.
Building State Defense Awareness in Facing the Issue of Terrorism and Radicalism
National character education. National character education plays an important role in
shaping awareness of state defense and dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism.
Character education is directed at forming a personality that includes noble values such
as love for the country, tolerance, honesty, justice, and critical attitudes. The
implementation of character education can be carried out at all levels of education,
including formal and non-formal education, and must involve all elements of society. In
the context of facing the issue of terrorism and radicalism, character education can form
a rational mindset and uphold human values. Several studies have shown that character
education can form a strong state defense awareness and reduce the likelihood of
someone being involved in acts of terrorism and radicalism. A study conducted by
Wijayanto and Riyadi (2019) showed that character education can shape critical and
reflective thinking in students, so that they can better understand the negative impact of
terrorism and radicalism on society.
Nationality education. National education is an effort to form a strong national
character and identity in society. National education is one of the important factors in
shaping state defense awareness in the face of terrorism and radicalism. In the context
of national education, every individual who is a citizen must understand their rights and
responsibilities as a citizen and have a strong sense of patriotism towards the country.
According to Hardi Warsono (2018) in the book "National Education", national
education can help build awareness of state defense by providing a correct
understanding of the rights and obligations as citizens and upholding national values
such as unity, integrity, and harmony. In addition, national education should also
strengthen national identity and foster a sense of pride in the nation and state.
Strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Strengthening the
values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution can be one of the efforts in building
awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and radicalism. This is
because Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution reflect national values that form the basis
of the United States state and serve as a reference in the life of society, nation and state.
One of the proposed efforts is through character education based on Pancasila and the
1945 Constitution. This article argues that by strengthening the nation's character
education, it is expected that a strong awareness of state defense will grow, so that
people can become agents of change in preventing and overcoming the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. It further emphasizes that character education must be
instilled early and continuously, both in the family, school, and community
environments (Arifin & Murniarti: 2021). It can be concluded that Pancasila values
such as belief in one God Almighty, fair and dignified treatment of fellow human
beings, the unity of the United States nation, a government based on mutual agreement
and wisdom, and social justice for all people, can shape the character of a nation that
appreciates diversity and has a high attitude of tolerance. This journal concludes that
strengthening the values of Pancasila can be an effective strategy in building a strong
national character and maintaining national security stability (Yuliadi & Rahayu: 2020).
Thus, strengthening the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution is very important
in building awareness of state defense in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. Pancasila values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, and pluralism
can shape the character of a nation that is tolerant and appreciates diversity, so that it
can ward off radical ideologies and terrorism. Meanwhile, the 1945 Constitution as the
state constitution can be the legal basis in dealing with issues of terrorism and
radicalism. This can be done through strengthening national character education based
on the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
The role of mass and social media. Mass and social media play an important role in
building awareness of state defense in the face of terrorism and radicalism. Through
mass and social media, information and understanding of the dangers of terrorism and
radicalism can be disseminated to the public more widely and effectively. In addition,
mass and social media can also help in promoting national values related to state
defense and inspire people to participate in the fight against terrorism and radicalism.
According to Sulaiman and Budiharto (2019), they discussed how social media can
play an important role in shaping national defense awareness in United States young
generation. They highlighted how social media can accelerate the process of
information dissemination and increase community involvement in the state defense
movement. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing social media in a positive
and responsible way, and avoiding the dissemination of false or provocative
information.
Government Efforts in Building State Defense Awareness.
National policy in countering terrorism and radicalism. National policies in countering
terrorism and radicalism are very important in the government's efforts to build awareness of
state defense. United States has taken action to address the problem of terrorism and
radicalism by establishing the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) and issuing Law
No. 15/2018 on Countering the Crime of Terrorism. BNPT is an institution established by the
United States government to strengthen coordination between relevant agencies in countering
terrorism and radicalism in United States. Law No. 15/2018 on Countering the Criminal Acts
of Terrorism provides a strong legal foundation for the government in addressing the issue of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, the government has also made various efforts to
improve coordination and cooperation between institutions involved in tackling terrorism and
radicalism, including with other countries. The government also intensively campaigns and
socializes the dangers of terrorism and radicalism to the public, as well as making prevention
efforts through education and national character building. The existence of a strong national
policy in countering terrorism and radicalism is important in building awareness of state
defense. With a clear and integrated policy, the government can take appropriate preventive
and responsive actions to protect the security and sovereignty of the country and prevent acts
of terrorism and radicalism.
Establishment of relevant government agencies. The United States government has
established several relevant government agencies in an effort to build awareness of state
defense and counter terrorism and radicalism. These institutions are responsible for various
aspects, ranging from intelligence, law enforcement, education, to victim recovery. Some of
the relevant government agencies include:
State Intelligence Agency (SIA) - an agency responsible for collecting and analyzing
intelligence information to maintain national security.
Kemenko Polhukam, or the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security
Affairs, is an institution responsible for harmonizing political, legal and security policies.
BNPT, or the National Counterterrorism Agency, is the agency responsible for
countering terrorism and radicalism in United States.
Komnas HAM, which is the institution responsible for monitoring and advocating for
human rights in United States.
The Ministry of Education and Culture is the institution responsible for developing
character education, including state defense education.
Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) - an institution responsible for the recovery of
victims of terrorism and radicalism. With the presence of these related government
institutions, it is hoped that good coordination can be created in countering terrorism and
radicalism, as well as building awareness of state defense.
Increased cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism. Increasing
cooperation between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism is one of the
important efforts in combating global security threats. Terrorism and radicalism can cause
great physical and economic damage, as well as undermine national and international
security. Cooperation between countries is very important in an effort to deal with the threat
of terrorism and radicalism is by exchanging information between state security agencies.
This information exchange can be in the form of intelligence data, handling strategies, as well
as experiences and lessons learned from previous cases of terrorism and radicalism. With this
exchange of information, countries can be better prepared to deal with the emerging threats of
terrorism and radicalism. In addition, cooperation between countries in the field of security
and defense can also be carried out through joint exercises, development of security
technology, and improvement of the ability of security personnel in dealing with the threat of
terrorism and radicalism. The government's efforts in building awareness of state defense is
also an important step in combating terrorism and radicalism. Raising awareness of
Defending the country can help raise people's awareness of the importance of maintaining
security and order within the country. All of this can be done by strengthening character
education and nationalism in the community, teaching national values, and forming attitudes
that respect cultural and religious diversity. Furthermore, the government can also increase
community participation in building state defense awareness by involving them in programs
that aim to address the threat of terrorism and radicalism. For example, the government can
build communities that care about the security and order of the country, as well as provide
training on how to identify acts of terrorism and radicalism. Overall, increased cooperation
between countries in dealing with terrorism and radicalism as well as the government's efforts
in building state defense awareness are important steps in maintaining national and
international security. We must all understand that the threat of terrorism and radicalism is a
threat that must be addressed together, and cooperation and state defense awareness can be
key in combating this threat.
The Role of Society in Building State Defense Awareness.
Community participation in the state defense movement. The role of the community is very
important in helping to build awareness of state defense because the community is the
foremost element in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the country. Community
participation in the state defense movement is also key in creating strong and maintained
national resilience. Examples of the role of the community in helping to build awareness of
state defense are as follows:
Participate in state defense programs held by the government or non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). For example, civil defense training programs, community
empowerment programs, or other programs that aim to increase awareness of state
defense.
With efforts in protecting the environment to create security. The community can help
report suspicious events or behavior that could threaten security around their
neighborhood.
Conduct social activities and gotong-royong to strengthen solidarity between residents.
In mutual cooperation activities, people can help each other and together build a better
and safer environment.
Strengthen national values and appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in United
States. People can respect differences in religion, ethnicity, race and culture and build
harmonious cooperation and tolerance.
Broaden your knowledge about national security and defense. People can read books or
articles that discuss national defense, pay attention to news related to national security
and defense, or attend seminars and discussions that explore the topic of state defense. In
order to build awareness of state defense, community participation is needed. Through
community participation in the state defense movement, it is hoped that togetherness and
solidarity between citizens can be created to strengthen United States national resilience.
Establishment of state defense communities. The role of society in building awareness of
state defense can also be done through the formation of state defense communities. The state
defense community is a group of citizens who have an awareness of the importance of
defending the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the country, and are ready to take action in
emergency or crisis situations that threaten the country state security (SihomSIAg: 2017). The
state defense community has an important role in building state defense awareness in the
community, including:
A means to strengthen community involvement in the national defense movement. In the
state defense community, members can discuss and exchange information about the state
security and defense situation, and determine the actions that need to be taken to deal
with emergency situations.
Improve members' readiness and ability to deal with emergency situations that threaten
state security. Through trainings and exercises organized in the state defense community,
members can gain the knowledge and skills needed to deal with emergency situations.
Encouraging the growth of national values and love for the country among the
community. State defense communities can be a means to strengthen the sense of pride
and love for the country among its members, as well as foster solidarity and unity among
community members.
Strengthening national values in the family. Strengthening national values in the family is
very important in building state defense awareness because the family is the first social
institution that shapes a person's character and attitude towards the state and nation.
According to Triwiyanto (2015), the family has an important role in the formation of state
defense awareness and national values, such as love for the country, diversity, tolerance, and
the spirit of mutual cooperation. Families can provide moral and ethical education to children
so that they can grow into citizens who have a sense of responsibility to the state and nation.
Families have a very important role in shaping children's character and attitudes towards
nationality and the state. In the family, children can be taught national values such as love for
the country, tolerance, mutual cooperation, and respect for differences. According to
Suhartono (2016), the family is the first and main environment that shapes children's
character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in introducing
national values is very important. Parents can do things such as teaching national anthems,
introducing local culture, or involving children in social activities related to nationality. In
addition, research by Hartono and Adi (2019) also shows that national values education
provided in the family has a positive effect on children's state defense attitudes. Children who
are educated with strong national values tend to have a higher awareness of state defense.
Conclusions
In dealing with issues of terrorism that are related to radicalism, it is important to build
awareness of state defense. State defense awareness can be defined as an awareness of the
importance of defending the country from threats that come from within and outside the
country. This includes efforts to defend the sovereignty, integrity and territorial integrity of
the country and strengthen national resilience. To build state defense awareness, the role of
the community is very important, especially in the formation of a state defense community
that can be a forum for increasing state defense awareness through various activities and
programs that can be carried out together.
In addition, strengthening national values in the family is also very important in
building awareness of state defense. The family is the first and main place in shaping
children's character and attitude towards the country. Therefore, the role of parents in shaping
the attitude of nationalism and love for the country in children is very important. In building
awareness of state defense, it is also necessary to understand that terrorism and radicalism are
not only security issues, but also social and psychological issues. Therefore, efforts to build
awareness of state defense need to be done comprehensively through various fields, such as
education, culture, social, and politics. Thus, building awareness of state defense in the face
of terrorism issues that have a relationship with radicalism is an effort that is not only carried
out by the government, but also by all levels of society together. Only by raising awareness of
state defense and strengthening national resilience can we face the challenges of terrorism
and radicalism more effectively.
