4C-1 [Video]: The epidemic of chronic disease
• How did our life expectancy change between the years of 1900 and 2010? 50 to
80
• In which ways our health has been declining over the last 25 years? More people
become obese and diabetic ,blood pressure
How does the life expectancy of children today compare to that of their parents?
Live shorter than parents 4.18
• How does lower or higher than average birth weight affects the risk of heart
disease? have 3 to 5 times higher risk of dying of heart disease and higher than
average Your risk goes up like the babies born small
• What is believed to be the major cause of having children with higher than
average birth weight? For higher is because they get too much nutrition and mother
has poor glucose control their blood sugar is high and sugar cross the placenta and
baby saw it as energy and deposit it as fat so have fat
• When and where was the egg that developed into you made? In my grandmother
womb
• What is epigenetics? How does it affect the health of future generations? The
genetic code you got from your mom and dad those genes expresses all the time
and they made dna code before you born some of those gene are sensitive to the
stress from the mom and the diet from the mom and can alter that gene from the
rest of your life.
4C-2 [Article]: Road to Alzheimer’s is lined with
processed foods.
• What is the projected incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in the US in year 2050?
Proceed food
• According to this article, how much does increasing consumption of processed
foods by 10% affect the overall cancer rate?12
• What percentage of the population is believed to develop Alzheimer’s disease due
to genetic factors? Less than 1%
• What constitutes ultra-processed foods? mass produced, packaged foods,
as well as foods containing manufactured substances like
hydrogenated oils (aka trans-fats), modified starches, and protein
isolates. In which way does consumption of these foods correlate with cancer and
cognitive decline? These are the foods whose consumption triggered
an increase in cancer cases in the BMJ study
4C-3 [Video]: Why getting dirty is the new clean
• What is the prevalence of allergies and asthma in the Amish communities of
Northern Indiana? They live in agrarian environment and with dirt 11.38
What is believed to be contributing to this observation? Bactria in gut interface
with your immune system an defect on brain
• Can food allergies be reversed? Yes
• How does the gut bacteria respond to psychological or physiological stresses we
experience? People who depressed have a different bacteria .change microbiome
induce depression
• What is the main proposed strategy for treatment options involving microbiota?
Stress effect immune system then alter the bacteria
4C-4 [Video]: In your face (minutes 2:16 to 8:49)
• What skin tone in humans is instinctively perceived as a sign of health?
Yellow
• How is an allergy (Type 1) defined? When some substance in diet or environment
constantly trigger immune system. elevated level of IGE trigger histamine reaction
• What are common symptoms of food allergies? itchy watery eye. runny nose,
hives, swelling scratchy through
• Which antibody is involved in food allergies? IGE
• What is anaphylaxis? What are the symptoms?
Allergies Reaction, lower blood pressure, trouble breathing, dizziness ,possible
death
• What are some causes of food intolerances or sensitivities? Enzyme deficiency,
sensitive to food additive, reaction to neutrally occurring chemical in food
What antibodies are usually involved in food intolerances/sensitivities? Igg and
IGM
• How long can it take for food intolerances to display symptoms? 3 days
How are they diagnosed? Skin rash or headache ,it is different in every one
4A-3 [Video]: Food allergies and the gut microbiome
• How many Americans are estimated to suffer from food allergies?15 million
• What are some factors that are thought be related to increases in cases of food
allergies? Change microbiota, antibiotic use, low fiber and high fat, diet,
vaccination, cesarean
• What period of our lives is our immune system most susceptible to damage and to
intervention? early childhood
• What is a germ-free mouse? Grows mouse that never expose to bacteria. Why are
they used? To observe the interaction of bacteria and immune system
• Research by Dr. Nagler identified a type of bacterium called Clostridium. What
two benefits does this bacterium provide us regarding our digestive system?
Protect against allergic sensitization to food, increase the production of mucus and
natural antibiotic, antimicrobial peptide
• What was the result of feeding mice that were transplanted with gut microbiota
from children with cow’s milk allergies who were eating the probiotic
supplemented diet? The mice died which given the cow milk
• What are some therapeutic approaches that are being worked on regarding
treatment of allergies? Pre-biotic dietary fiber (to expand butyrate producing
clostridia)
Encapsulate nonoformulations of butyrate
4A-4 [Video]: Lactose intolerance
• What enzyme allows us to break down lactose and to digest it? Lactase
• For most of the population, what time period in our lives is this specific enzyme
normally produced? 4,5 years old
• What genetic change allowed some individuals to continue to tolerate ingestion
of lactose? lactate persistent trait, LP allele, this gene allows bears to produce
lactose until adulthood
4A-5 [Video]: Problems with wheat
• What is gluten? Is insoluble protein composite What is it made up of? Gliadin
and glutenin
• What are three problems associated with wheat consumption? Wheat allergy,
celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity
• What is Celiac disease? inherited disease which cause inflammation an d damage
of lining of small intestine , What happens to the intestinal lining in Celiac
disease?
• What are some symptoms of non-celiac gluten sensitivity? Fatigue, pain full gut ,
brain fog and skin rash, joint pain
• What are possible causes of non-celiac gluten sensitivity (or wheat intolerance)?
Activation of immune system in small intestine, not break down of enzyme
fructans
• What is the nocebo effect? Someone believes the cause of problem and because
of that believe it does
4A-6 [Video]: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• What are two common symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome? Constipation and
diarrhea
• How does irritable bowel syndrome differ from inflammatory bowel disease? It
has all the IBS plus inflammation and ulcer and other damage
• What are risk factors for developing IBS? Gastroenteritis, stress,
• How large are complex carbohydrates? 3-10 link sugar
• What does digestion of complex carbohydrates release? Cut to monosaccharide
and use for energy
• Why is starch easily digestible, whereas fiber is not? Monosaccharide join
together differently in starch glucose are joined by alpha linkage which is easily
cleaved by digestive enzyme
In fiber bind between monosaccharide are beta bound which is hard to break down.
Fiber can trap so starches and prevent them being cleaved and make resistant
starch
• How is glycemic index defined? the amount that particular food raise the sugar
blood level
• Which foods in general have low glycemic index? egg cheese and meat has a
lowest and vegetable ,fruit and whole wheat
• What are the sequence of events that take place when the blood sugar level
increases after a meal? Insulin is secreted into the blood ,it prompt muscle and fat
cell to let glucose in and convert sugar to energy
• What is insulin sensitivity or resistance? The degree to which a unit of insulin
lower the blood sugar is insulin sensitivity.
When the insulin sensitivity goes down is insulin resistance.
• What are some health consequences when our cell become insulin resistant?
Pancreas make insulin but muscle cells are less responsive to it so blood sugar fail
to decrease and insulin rise.
Metabolic syndrome(high blood sugar ,high blood pressure, increase waste
circumference, cardiovascular disease and typ2 diabetes.
3b-2
• What type of an association is seen between the glycemic index of foods and risk
for heart disease in the population as a whole? Association between consumption
of diets with a high glycemic index and heart disease. Only women and overweight
people. Women were about 50 %more likely to develop heart disease.
Overweight people have 50 % increase risk of heart disease compare the high vs
low glycemic load
Skinny men
• What types of diseases are high glycemic index foods associated with?
heart disease25%, diabetes 40%, breast cancer 8% chronic disease 14% colorectal
cancer and endometrial cancer, diabetes more in women
• In comparison of diets containing good carbs (low GI), bad carbs (high GI) or
low/no carbs, which type of diet results in the best outcome in terms of insulin
sensitivity? Good carb causes better insulin sensitivity bad carbs and low carb are
same Diabetes? Low GI carbs Weight loss? good carb High blood pressure?
good carb
Bad carbs are associate with obesity but good carb are not. High Gi cause rapid
increase in blood sugar and stress the insulin system and cause heart disease.
• What type of an association is seen between the amount of fiber in the diet and
the risk of heart disease and other diseases? High fiber slow down the digestion of
carb into glucose has low GI
• Why is excess table sugar (sucrose) consumption detrimental to health even
though it has a moderate glycemic index? Sugar composed of fractose and glucose
the glucose portion has High GI and fractous portion has low GI the fractuse
portion attenuate the measure score but sugar cause hame chi
• How does high fructose corn syrup compare to table sugar in composition and
health consequences? Corn syrup extracted from corn. has fructose and glucose in
same amount as sucrose. the body response to high fructose corn is like sucrose,
both has same metabolic
4-5-6
Which of the two hormones regulates storage of glucose? Insulin and glucagon
• What is the ideal range of glucose in the blood? No Lower than 70 ml/dl and no
higher than 120 ml/dl
• What is a likely health consequence of too much glucose in the bloodstream?
Eye, nerve and kidney disease, diabetes
• What are the three main functions of insulin? Decease the blood sugar by storage
the glucose, 1) glycolysis (glucose to ATP) 2) glycogenesis (formation of
glycogen) 3) lipogenesis (produce lipid)
• What are the three main functions of glucagon? Increase the glucose in blood by
release from storage glycogenolysis break down of glycogen 2) gluconeogenesis
convert amino to glucose 3) ketogenesis
• What are ketone bodies? What are they used for? Fat convert to ketone, when we
are out of nutrient. Form of energy to use by heart the heart and brain
• Which hormone is secreted by pancreas when blood glucose levels rise after
consuming food? Insulin
• When is glucagon secreted? When body is low in sugar
• What role does the combined action of insulin and glucagon play in blood sugar
levels? constant glucose maintenance in body they take all the glucose and spread
it all over the body
• Where is glucose stored in the body? Muscle, Liver, fat cell
• In what form is the glucose stored in these different types of storage cells?
Glycogen in muscle and liver, fatty acid in fat cell
• What hormone tells the fat cells to release the fats they stored into the
bloodstream? Glycogen,
7
• What is leptin? Is hormone from fat to brain and say you had enough and can
burn energy Where is it produced? In the fat cell What is its function? tells brain
that is enough you have an enough to burn, and limit what you eat and let exercise
• What happens to leptin levels in obesity? Leptin resistant or high level of leptin
then leptin does not work
• Does leptin function properly in obese people? no
