Globalization and Social Change Final Exam
CU18LIH
soc_4330_ch_6.pptxChapter Six
Who Gets What When and How: The Challenge of Global Governance
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Photo: United Nations Security Council Credit UN Gallery
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Why Global Governance?
Activity within countries affects other countries to such an extent that coordination is necessary
Activities of countries pose limits and constraints on other countries which necessitates a common set of rules
Demands for greater democracy and fairness in global relations demand a system of representation among countries in decision making.
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
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Objectives
This chapter will help you analyze the challenges posed by globalization to the current system of global governance
identify multiple layers of global governance
evaluate problems of accountability at the level of global governance
assess the obligations of actors such as corporations and non-governmental organizations when they take on roles in global governance
understand the problems and prospects of democracy in global governance
assess propositions and potential structures of global governance
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Who Are the Actors in Global Governance?
Anyone who makes decisions that have real or potential global affects. Examples include,
Nation-states
Intergovernmental organizations
Civil society organizations(national and global)
Corporations
Private philanthropies
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Normative Questions
What constitutes good governance?
Which decisions should be made locally and which globally?
Who should representatives represent; territorial divisions, interest groups, religions, classes, some other category, or all of the above?
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Big Questions
How can a system of governance function effectively and legitimately with the variety of actors in the political field?
Who are the significant political actors and how do power and influence flow among them?
Governance is for the public good, but how is the public defined in a globalized world?
Are norms of governance emerging globally? If so, what are they? Whose values and world views do they reflect? Are there any universals?
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Evaluative Questions
Who benefits from governance and who does not?
Are the criteria for governance appropriate, that is, fair and functional?
Who should watch over the decision makers? How should they be made accountable?
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Challenges to the Westphalian System
Government Failure to fulfill their functions
Transborder problems cannot be solved by any country on its own.
Many countries have resource deficiencies that inhibit them from providing an adequate quality of life.
Some states do not acknowledge problems until disaster results.
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Challenge of Nationalist Movements
Westphalia Treaty implied that nations should rule themselves– sovereignty
Marginalized groups are demanding better representation by their government or more autonomy
Federalism: where power is shared between national and subnational (i.e., state and provincial) governments
Separatism: where subnational groups advocate or attempt secession from the nation-state
Revolution: where national or subnational groups attempt to replace the existing institutions of a society with their own envisioned alternative(s)
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Challenge of Global Systems
Central power of states is weakened by systems that are released from extensive state control
Even wealthy states have trouble managing their economies
States have little capacity to control cultural flows
Global actors make decisions that affect relations within and among states
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State-Related Layers of Governance
International Governmental Organizations
Created by treaty between two or more nation-states
International Regulatory Agencies
A wide range of organizations spanning addressing multiple international concerns. Examples include the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Standards Organization (ISO), see also http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/International_Regulatory_and_Standard-Setting_Bodies_-_ A_Compendium.pdf
International Courts
International Court of Justice (UN)
Regional Intergovernmental alliances
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Non-Governmental Layers
Civil Society Groups
INGOs
IGOs
RINGOs (Research and Independent Non-governmental Organisations)
Multinational Corporations
Many (MNCs and civil society groups) sit at decision making tables and may exert tremendous influence
Set norms, act as agents of change
Form a network that stretches locally to globally
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The Challenge of Accountability
Power comes through a variety of channels; money, political office, influence
CSOs (civil society organizations) are only accountable to their funders
Corporations are accountable to shareholders and state laws
Philanthropies, are subject to the laws in countries where they operate
States are accountable to their electorates and poor states are often held indirectly accountable to rich states; public opinion can constrain rich states
IGOs are accountable to their funding states
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Questions Concerning Global Governance
Which functions of governance are best carried out at the global level and which should be left to national and local levels?
What is the normative basis of good governance, the qualities people want?
How can global governance be structured to minimize the inequitable or destructive use of power and coordinate the variety of actors and levels of governance?
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Key Components of Governance
Transparency
Accountability
Participation
Responsiveness (to the needs of the people)
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Fairness
People (most) will participate in and cooperate with systems that they think are fair.
UN Declaration of Human Rights
Millennium Development Goals (recently replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals because not all the targets for 2015 were met): http:// www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/background.html
Standards of fairness on specific issues such as global trade, environmental, or taxation policies are far from resolution
https:// www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact4_e.htm
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Improving Global Accountability
Identify all parties with a role in governing
Determine their roles and responsibilities
Earn a seat at decision making tables
Adherence to standards of social responsibility and good citizenship
Transparency in financing
Transparency in regulatory body decisions
Licensing of NGOs
States accountable through sanctions, citizen action
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Stakeholder Participation Suggestions
Opportunities close to home
In small units in which people have a common interest
can understand one another
can communicate effectively
Small units feed into larger ones
Consensus of small units brought to bear on larger levels
Ideas???
Would this work? Why or why not?
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Making Participation Meaningful
Democratic deliberation: working together, in honest ways, people from different perspectives can reach satisfactory results
no one knows the future so no one knows what will work in their best interest– in situations of uncertainty honesty is best policy (Keohane 2002, 342)
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Ideal Speech Situation
Everyone is allowed to participate in discussion.
Everyone is allowed to question everyone else’s assertions and ideas, to introduce their own assertions and ideas into the discourse, and to express their needs.
No one may be prevented by any form of coercion from asserting their right to speak (Habermas 1984).
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Access to Information
Makes it possible to question the validity of the assertions and ideas that people bring to discussion
Discourages dishonesty
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Models of Global Governance
The UN Model
The UN structure is a forum to negotiate among conflicting state interests and interests of non-governmental bodies. In current structure, states are responsible for decision making. Other groups sit in sessions and offer testimony.
Civil Society
Civil society groups represent people to global governance bodies, establishing global democracy.
Imperial
A single powerful state is needed to compel or enforce the spread of democracy. Democracy within states will create peace among states.
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Corporate
Market mechanisms should be freed to expand participation in the global economy. Increasing economic integration of societies will increase prosperity and peace.
Apocalyptic
The world is divided into good and evil. Defeating the evil is the basis of achieving global good.
Regional
Expanding alliances among states makes the world more manageable by establishing larger zones of cooperation, interdependence, and thus peace.
Models of Global Governance
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Other Possibilities?
Given what you now know, how would you design a system of global governance?
Consider short- and long-range plans.
Consider the prospects explained at the end of the chapter.
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