Globalization and Social Change Final Exam
CU18LIH
soc_4330_ch_13.pptxChapter 13
Violent Conflict and Crime
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Objectives
This chapter will help you
differentiate types of intra-state conflicts
analyze causes of intra-societal conflict related to the historical development of global systems, the political legitimacy of states, and workings of the global economy.
provide examples of international and global processes such as liberalization contribute to violent conflict
explain the costs of war to women and children
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Objectives
assess the role of the UN and other international bodies in conflict situations
peace-building policies and programs
analyze how globalization has contributed to crime
cite the risks and costs of global crime
discuss proposals to mitigate against global crime
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Definitions of Armed Conflict Types
We define four types of conflict (UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset Codebook):
1. Extrasystemic armed conflict occurs between a state and a non-state group outside its own territory. (In the COW project, extrasystemic war is subdivided into colonial war and imperial war, but this distinction is not used here.) These conflicts are by definition territorial, since the government side is fighting to retain control of a territory outside the state system.
2. Interstate armed conflict occurs between two or more states.
3. Internal armed conflict occurs between the government of a state and one or more internal opposition group(s) without intervention from other states.
4. Internationalized internal armed conflict occurs between the government of a state and one or more internal opposition group(s) with intervention from other states (secondary parties) on one or both sides.
Source: http://www.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/124/124920_1codebook_ucdp_prio-armed-conflict-dataset-v4_2012.pdf
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Vulnerability to Violent Conflict
political processes that are closed to discourse and opposition party participation;
groups that are excluded from mainstream development;
unemployed youth;
impoverishment;
declining public services and employment opportunities;
human rights violations and other sources of indignities;
economically or politically motivated migratory flows (OECD 2001, 32).
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Questions for International Community
What is the global responsibility for mediating the situation?
How can the rights of people engaged in conflict be ensured?
How can spillover effects and destabilization in surrounding countries prevented?
Who has the authority to speak for and act on the behalf of the groups engaged in conflict?
What do we do about tyrants who are no longer legitimate in the eyes of their people?
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Governmental Forms
Democracy (rule by the people, “demos”—supreme power is vested in the people and exercised through a system of representation)
Anocracy (a mix of democratic and autocratic characteristics in the society’s institutions which are, in actuality, unstable). Of these three types, “anocracy is the most to dissolve into war” (Marshall and Cole 2009, 17)
Autocracy (rule by an authoritarian figure or by a “junta”)
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Center for Systemic Peace Index
Brookings Institute
to manage conflict, make and implement public policy and deliver essential services
to maintain system coherence, cohesion, and quality of life
to respond effectively to challenges and crises
to sustain progressive development
economic (income and GDP)
security (conflict and human rights)
political (rule of law)
social welfare (human development).
State Fragility
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
A democracy has (statistically) no chance of collapsing in a country with a GDP of at least $6,000 per capita. The democratic institutions are safely locked in place”
(Andrew Kuper 2004, 10, emphasis original).
The full quote continues: “But in a very poor country, there is statistically a one in eight chance of democracy collapsing every year. Imagine: a 12 percent chance of your political system collapsing every year.”
This from the Second Report of the Empire and Democracy Project of the Carnegie Foundation (posted on BlackBoard).
State Fragility
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Social Structural Roots of Violence
failing institutions;
an economy that does not supply jobs,
weak government and rule of law,
poor educational systems,
family stressors,
discrimination,
inequality.
Whether within or among societies, globalization processes effect the social structural roots of violence. Interference in political systems that have prevented societies from developing strong and legitimate governments are among the roots of violence across many societies.
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
War and Poverty
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
1993 Study
65 of 126 developing countries experienced violence as either war or sub-war (less than 1,000 people killed annually)
Violent conflict was concentrated in the poorest of the poor.
31 of these countries were in the poorest third of developing nations
24 were in the middle third
(Smith 1994).
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
World Map of Weak States— From the Brookings Institution
http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2008/02/weak-states-index
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Changing Nature of Warfare
Anti-colonial wars
Ideological during cold war
Ethnic/religious after cold war
Inequality along ethnic lines that resulted from colonialism, the spoils of the world wars, political and economic interference during the Cold War, and community breakdown due to industrialization, structural homogenization, and immigration pose threats and stimulate conflict (Conversi 2010, 349).
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Democratic processes following periods of autocratic rule shake up the system, leaving a power vacuum that competing groups try to fulfill.
Without strong legitimate institutions to mitigate conflict—political parties, elections, a judiciary and so on, conflict turns violent.
Two periods of liberalization, independence and the end of the Cold War spiked not only the level of war but of violent conflict in general. Arab Spring is a recent demonstration of this globalization effect.
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Terrorism
Among the factors that give rise to terrorism are:
prolonged unresolved conflicts
dehumanization of victims of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations (ideologies cultivate mindsets conducive to dehumanization)
lack of the rule of law and violations of human rights
ethnic, national and religious discrimination
political exclusion
socio-economic marginalization and lack of good governance (UN Global Strategy 2006).
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Fundamentalism and Religious Violence
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Northern Ireland, Palestine/Israel
18
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Animated map of ISIS-controlled territory
https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyY1Bgst07U
This video covers only through early 2016. ISIS has lost territory throughout this year. See:
http:// www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27838034
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
The use of child soldiers has increased dramatically since the end of the Cold War. Estimates place at least 250,000 and probably well over 300,000 children in warfare by 2002; a figure thought to be outdated by 2006
(Achvarina and Reich 2006, 128). “No Place to Hide: Refugees, Displaced Persons, and the Recruitment of Child Soldiers” International Security 31 (1): 127-164.
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Peace Building
Autonomy (Sisk, 2003, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/power-sharing)
‘Autonomy, as eminent scholar Yash Ghai is not a term on which there is a consensus definition, [but he defines it as]: "a device to allow an ethnic group or other groups claiming a distinct identity to exercise direct control over important affairs of concern to them while allowing the larger entity to exercise those powers which are the common interests of both sections.“ Among the forms of autonomy is symmetrical federalism, in which all units enjoy similar powers, and asymmetrical federalism that might provide enhanced powers to a particular region.’
Power sharing (ibid.)
The consociational model (a looser form of autonomy, not always explicitly territorial, termed consociationalism. The option is in essence a group building-block approach that relies on accommodation by ethnic-group leaders at the political center and guarantees for group autonomy and minority rights; in essence, this approach is "consociational" in that it encourages collaborative decision-making by parties in conflict. The key institutions are federalism and the devolution of power to ethnic groups in territory that they control; minority vetoes on issues of particular importance to them; grand coalition cabinets in a parliamentary framework, and proportionality in all spheres of public life (e.g., budgeting and civil service appointments).[5] Bosnia's 1995 Dayton Accord is a good example of this approach in practice.
Cross divide districts
Role of civil society organizations
Domestic and international
Respect for local cultures
Important role for women
US National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Map of China showing its official autonomous regions
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Syria’s Civil War as of February 1st, 2016
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Transnational Organized Crime
Improvements in technology, open borders, and transportation make global crime more feasible
Counterfeiting
Cds, movies, software, and goods from tennis shoes, to purses to jewelry
Human trafficking
Poverty makes people desperate, war leaves children vulnerable
Drug trafficking
Drugs can be more profitable to grow than crops
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (2000)
three or more persons, existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offenses… in order to obtain directly or indirectly, a financial or material benefit” (UN 2004, 5).
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
International Cooperation
Improvements needed:
Greater participation and implementation by states in the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, not yet ratified by about one third of member states
Upgrading criminal justice systems in vulnerable countries,
Investigation of how crime networks operate
Developing a way to measure progress
Plugging the “black holes” in financial systems, such as “informal money transfers (hawala), offshore banking, recycling through real estates and liquid assets” that allow money laundering
Eliminating corruption which allows crime to prosper (UNODC 2010).
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
INTERPOL
188 member states
Six Priorities
drugs and criminal organizations,
public safety and terrorism,
financial and high tech crimes,
fugitives,
trafficking in human beings
corruption.
Also: crimes against humanity, crimes against children, environmental crimes, and intellectual property crimes.
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Poverty, Failed States
Many regions of the world have no effective government
Weak law enforcement institutions
Poor economies
Ripe ground for organized crime
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Human Trafficking
9.5 billion annually
600,000 – 900,000 people trafficked across borders
Domestic trafficking another 1 – 3 million
12.3 million people in slavery or forced servitude
116 nations have national laws to combat trafficking
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Human Trafficking Laws
a broad definition of coercion, that would include all forms, financial, physical, reputational, or anything that would compel a person to continue in their activity to avoid harm
a well articulated definition of trafficking, to include all forms, not just recruitment and transportation
provision for the complete care of the victim-- mental, physical, and legal
immigration relief for victims regardless of their legal or illegal status
legal services to address financial compensation for the crimes committed against them
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
(US State Dept. 2010, 13).
31
USAID Efforts
Has worked in 70 countries
Works with local communities to build collective efficacy
strengthening government surveillance and monitoring capacity
monitoring private contracts with the government to insure adequate labor standards
working on legislative reform, including training prosecutors and judges
raising public awareness of techniques of traffickers and safe migration practices by mobilizing community resources for awareness campaigns, including neighborhood watch campaigns
working to develop local capacity for helping victims, including work with NGOs to establish reintegration and rehabilitation programs for victims, including shelter, health care, psychological counseling
providing literacy, life skill, self esteem, and vocational programs for victims
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
(USAID 2006, 10 – 23).
32
Recipients of US Foreign Aid
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
MTV and USAID
MTV EXIT
A joint project of USAID and MTV
Educational concerts in regions subject to trafficking
CORPORATE Responsibility
Forced labor in sweatshops
Security procedures
Check subcontractors
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Drug Trafficking
Heroin $55 billion annually
Cocaine $88 billion annually
Down from $177
Decrease in market may explain increase in violence of trade
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Drug Trafficking and Terrorism
Taliban: protect drug routes in Pakistan
Al Qaeda: benefits from heroin trade
FARC: cocaine from Colombia
Hezbollah intercepts and fights trafficking but also may receive money
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
States Destabilized by Trafficking
Guatemala
El Salvador
Honduras
Mexico
West Africa hub of trafficking
Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Senegal, The Gambia, Cape Verde, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, and Benin
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Cyber-Crime
Cybercriminals collaborate across countries
Line between cyber crime and cyber war is blurry
Russia attacked Estonia
US attacked Iraq’s financial system
US released Stuxnet against Iran
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
4 Types of Cyber-threat
economic espionage: collecting information about various companies and other business information
political and military espionage is a technological update of traditional spying about military capabilities, a country’s intentions, etc.
cybercrime against the financial system for money as opposed to information
Cyberwar, including infrastructure attacks
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Combatting Security Threats
Development assistance is security assistance (President Kennedy)
OECD coordinates aid of rich countries
Aid still tends to be associated with strategic interests, not need
World Bank and UN agencies: concentrate on developing nations but also influenced by interests of rich donor nations
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Combatting Global Crime
Strong local governments—at the community level-- are a defense against corruption and can deter criminal practices
homogenizing criminal justice systems, including conforming laws across borders
Example: Swiss banking law shelters criminals
regularizing relationships among crime fighting agencies.
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
