Globalization and Social Change Final Exam
CU18LIH
soc_4330_ch_12.pptxChapter 12
Threats to Human Well Being Inequality and Migration
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Photos: Market in refugee camp Photo: Shoeshine boy Credit: Antonio Rosa
1
Modern Risk
Humans have created the risks with which they live.
According to George Tenet, when he was Director of the CIA in 1997, they were:
Transnational issues that cut across nations and regions, such as terrorism
Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, international drug trafficking, international organized crime, and threats to information systems
Regional hot spots in the Middle East and South Asian continent
The transformation of Russia and China
States whose policies can undermine regional security, such as Iraq, Iran, and North Korea
States and regions buffeted by human misery and suffering on a large scale;: states involved in or unable to cope with ethnic or civil conflict, forced migration, refugee flows, resulting in the potential for disease and destruction.
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In 2010, Dennis Blair added these to the list
financial crisis and global financial contagion,
energy security,
strategic health challenges,
nuclear proliferation,
cyber crime and other threats to our cyber infrastructure
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3
Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to
explain the risks associated with inequality in the contemporary world
summarize how economic and political factors influence inequality among and within nations
explain the effects of poverty in people’s lives, particularly for children
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evaluate programs and policies designed to alleviate poverty and inequality
compare and contrast the costs of different types of migration to host and home countries
evaluate the brain drain on developing countries
assess countries’ responsibilities to migrants and refugees.
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Inequality
Global Inequality: Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient
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Inequality
The curve in Figure 1 reveals that the top 20% of the world's population receives over 80% of the income, an almost perfect inequality of income distribution and an enormous challenge for global governance, conflict management, and globalization (such highly unequal systems tend toward autocratic forms of conflict management). Slight improvement in 2005 income distribution over 1992 is accounted largely by the emergence of China in the global market.
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Wealth Thresholds
| Top 10% | Top 1% | |
| Globe | $61,536 | $512,386 |
| USA | $827,000 | >$6,000,000 |
| Where They Live | Top 10% | Top 1% |
| USA | 25% | 37% |
| Japan | 21% | 27% |
| Europe | 36% | 26% |
(Sources: World: Davis et al. 2008, 8, USA: Frank 2007) (Source Davies et al. 2008, p 12, 15)
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Life at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Nutrition
Micronutrient deficiency contributes to death, loss of IQ points, anemia, night blindness, stunted physical and mental retardation, birth defects
One sixth of the world’s population is chronically undernourished
One third of children in the developing world were underweight in 2006. More than half of them are in Southern Asia. (UN 2008, 10 11).
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Sanitation
One billion people do not have safe drinking water
About 47% of the world’s population lacks adequate sanitation.
Twenty percent of children still have no access to safe water (UNICEF 2006a).
Lack of clean water is a major cause of death in the developing world
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Health
One seventh of children do not have access to health services (UNICEF 2006a).
In sub-Saharan Africa, 900 women die for every 100,000 pregnancies.
The overall rate for developing regions is 450 for every 100,000 pregnancies (UN, 25). In the United States the rate is approximately 20 per 100,000.
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Housing and Education
33.9% of children in developing countries live in severe deprivation of without adequate shelter, this is about 640 million (UNICEF 2005, 1, 19).
Twenty seven percent of children are not in school
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Global Middle Class
the threshold into the top half of the global distribution of wealth was $2,129 in 2000
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Distribution of Wealth in the US
It takes money to make money
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A Few Strategies to Combat Global Poverty
Economic growth at the bottom of the pyramid is growing faster than any other segment.
Partner global capital and the BOP
Microloans: self supporting “banks” offering small start up loans
Patient Capitalism: smaller profits over a longer period
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Migration
Migrants are people on the move– some by choice, some forced by circumstance
Economic opportunity, persecution, conflict
Refugees fleeing conflict or persecution are an internationally recognized protected class.
Internally displaced persons are people still living in their homeland– often under the government who oppressed or persecuted them
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Costs and Consequences
Brain Drain and Brain Gain
Often it is the most educated and most skilled within occupational groups who migrate to a new country for economic opportunities
Women are migrating in large numbers (now 49% of migrants) this creates difficulties at home
Remittances
Money sent home from people working abroad is the largest source of foreign aid to developing countries
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Destabilization
Refugees from poor countries often can get only as far as neighboring countries who are also poor, this can create a burden on the host country
Ethnic and/or religious conflict can spill over to the host country which may have similar ethnic mix.
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Responding to Risks
Successful aid for development depends on
A high measure of political stability and social order
The less corrupt and self-serving a developing country’s government, the more likely it is to achieve long-term development
The means to protect property rights and maintain an efficient economic system, such as a fair and impartial judicial system or a finance ministry and central bank
Investment in elementary education
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South to South Aid Flows
China, Brazil, and Venezuela are now using aid and bolstering their “soft power”
China’s and Venezuela’s aid seems to be directed toward their self interest in other developing countries
Brazil’s aid is more directly focused on the recipient country’s needs, but this enhances their status globally
The Global Compact
ethical business practices can ensure that people benefit from corporations operating in their country.
Covers: human rights, labor, environment, anti-corruption, development, peace, investment, business education, expansion to more businesses and organizations in domestic locations, responsibilities for communicating on progress in these areas, and UN-business collaboration.
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