Globalization and Social Change Final Exam
CU18LIH
soc_4330_ch_11.pptxChapter Eleven
Religion: Conflict and Compromise
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Objectives
This chapter will help you
understand how the turmoil of intense globalization gives rise to religious questions
analyze how the conflicts between science and faith arose and were resolved by various religious groups
assess how social problems and secularization test religion and how religions have responded to them
evaluate liberal, conservative, and fundamentalist approaches to religious reform
identify global trends in religion and religiosity, including ecumenism, and freedom of religion.
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The Take-Off Phase: 1870 - 1920
Three threats to established religions
globalization of the scientific world view and secularization
intractable social problems wrought by industrialization and modernization
the ecumenical trends in religion and flows of religious culture east to west and west to east.
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Liberal Responses
Reconciled science to religion
Saw social structure as root of social problems and reform of capitalism as the solution
Grew in religious tolerance
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Islam
Al-Afghani
Reason was at the roots of Islam and reason and science could revitalize Islam
Pan Islamism-- unite Muslims across the Middle East
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Established a secular state and secular institutions in Turkey modeled after Western constitutional governments
Instituted modernizing reforms in Turkey from education to law, language, etc.
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Roman Catholicism
Did not attack Darwin and evolution directly
Associated social problems with capitalist system
More liberal reformers saw social structural causes of social problems,
more individualistic and conservative reformers saw materialism and greed as source of problems
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Judaism
Worked liberalizing views of science and democracy into religion
Emphasized ethical rather than supernatural
Pittsburgh Platform of 1885
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Protestantism
Mainstream accepted science and evolution
Science is a key to nature and thus to understanding God
Three types of liberal Protestantism
Evangelical and individualistic ethic
More liberal to radical approaches to Social Gospel and social ethic
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Ecumenism and Spirituality
Diminished authoritative structures of religion were diminished by science and secularization
More religious tolerance emerged from this
Multiple truths and multiple paths to salvation
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Fundamentalist Responses
Wanted to restore religions to their roots or foundations
rejected science and promoted literal interpretations of holy books as the true source of knowledge about how the world should operate (literal interpretations of holy books)
rejected ecumenism and tolerance,
Saw individual failings as the and that social structure was implicated in causing social problems
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Religion in Africa
Christianity in Africa began in Egypt started with early pilgrims in the 1st century. These were the Coptic Orthodox Christians.
Islam was introduced into northern Africa in the 7th century as followers of Muhammed sought to escape persecution on the Arab peninsula.
Both were spread by invasion and conquest in the centuries following.
Indigenous religions were not obliterated but were practiced along with Christianity and Islam
Some religious movements resisted religions of colonizers.
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The Contemporary Phase
Social movements of the 1960s affected religion as well.
Anti-bureaucratic
Egalitarian
Individualistic sentiments
Rigidity
Hierarchy
Patriarchy
Promotion of the status quo
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Reform and Reaction
Catholicism
Vatican II
Liberation Theology
Liberal Protestantism
Admitted women as clerics
Admitted gay ministers
More moderate attitudes toward birth control and abortion
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Liberal Islam
Reconcile Islam and Shari’a with modern life
Reconstructionist Judaism
Emphasis on culture and teachings of Judaism
Included girls and women, gays and lesbian Jews
Prayer books written by lay and rabbis
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Fundamentalist Responses
Roman Catholicism
Very conservative views on religious and social issues
Rejection of women clergy, gay clergy, abortion, birth control, see homosexual practice as a sin
Protestant Fundamentalism
View creationism as science
Reject women clergy, homosexuality, abortion
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Islamic Fundamentalism
Overthrow of Shah of Iran in 1979
Literal and harsh interpretations of Shar’ia
Revolutionary movements throughout Arab world to establish Islamic state (theocracy)
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Contemporary Religious Movements
Revival of Indigenous Religions
Case study Vodun in Benin
Resurgence and Spread of Evangelicalism
“Cults” and new religious movements
Influence of Eastern religions in West
Buddhism
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Religious Freedom
Article 18 of UN Declaration of Human Rights
Pew Study
Case Study: Falun Gong in China
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