Globalization and Social Change Final Exam
CU18LIH
soc_4330_ch_10.pptxChapter Ten
Globalization and Everyday Life
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Library of Congress Images
1
Objectives
analyze the role of science in molding institutional life in the take off phase of globalization
understand the role of global culture, specifically rationalization, in promoting the diffusion of global models of societal institutions
discover similar patterns in the development of various institutions
understand the relationships between nationalism as ignited by globalization and expressed in institutional development.
assess the influence of globalization on global institutions in education, health care, and sports.
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Institutions
Relatively permanent social structural patterns that fulfill important societal functions.
Family
Education
Religion
Protection
Care of the sick and infirm
Politics
Economics
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Challenges of Industrialization
It was the best of times; it was the worst of times (Charles Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 1859)
Daily patterns of rural and small town life did not fit industrial life
Crafts gave way to factories
Apprenticeships gave way (eventually) to child labor and schools
Rapid Urbanization
anonymity
diversity
complexity
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Challenges of industrialization
Agricultural and rural patterns of life did not work in industrial urban society
Roles within families
Role of religion
Education versus work
Economic life
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Challenges of Industrialization
Bureaucracy came to dominate organizational forms
Disenchantment with the world (Weber’s fear of what bureaucratization would mean for individual life and society)
Abstract, impersonal, explicit rules, regulations, procedures replaced tradition and custom for organizing mass society
Africa and parts of Asia were colonized opening new resources and new markets
Foundations of the global capitalist system established
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Benefits of Rationalization
Inequality decreased
Life expectancy increased
Morbidity (diseases) , infant and maternal mortality decreased
Peripheral societies grew in wealth
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Challenges of Rationality
Abstract, impersonal, and explicit rules, procedures and principles replaced the traditional values and relationships that governed social life
Universalizing mode of discourse versus religion and tradition
Way of organizing life
Rationality and alienation
The “iron cage” (Weber’s term for what bureaucratization of society was producing)
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Reform Efforts
Social problems intensified
Women gained a larger voice in societal affairs
Reform efforts in virtually all spheres of life
Suffrage
Juvenile Justice
Prisons
Welfare
Health care
Increases in travel, transportation and communication demanded greater coordination globally
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
The Contemporary Period
1960s characterized by social movements around the world
Rejection of status quo:
inequality, materialism, corporate culture, consumerism, bureaucracy, sexual repression,
Student and worker movements protested
Independence in colonies giving way to sectarian conflict
Cold War in Vietnam
Che Guevara and Mao Tse-tung became counter cultural heroes
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
The Contemporary Period
1960s characterized by social movements around the world
Che Guevara
Mao Tse-tung
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Main Trends of Contemporary Period
Reaction against bureaucratic structures
Centralized authority, following rules and procedure little room for individual discretion or judgment
De-personalization and treating people like numbers
The culture of the “organizational man”
Reaction against “empty” rituals
Mainstream religion and institutions seen as meaningless, or even harmful
Disenchantment with the inability of science to solve human problems and the ends towards which science has been used
Continuation of social problems, atomic bomb, pollution
Disenchantment with rampant individualism
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Responses Across Institutions
Reinvigorate institutional forms
Decentralize and flatten bureaucracies
Personalization: place more importance on individual
Stress on meaning
Rejection of conventional notions of progress, that any progress is better than not “moving ahead,” and that newer is necessarily better than older
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Education
Impact of Globalization on Education
Education is viewed as a human right. 1960 UN Convention Against Discrimination in Education
The demands for schooling and the specific nature of schooling conform to models and developments in global culture.
As nations become increasingly enmeshed in the global system of societies, national identity is reinforced through education.
Educational reform debates reflect competing views of national identity.
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Education
Cross-national Comparative Results on Education PISA (Program for International Student Assessment):
https :// nces.ed.gov/pubs2014/2014024rev.pdf
U.S. Trends:
https:// nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/pisa2012/pisa2012highlights_6_1.asp
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Education and Rationalization
Global cultural models of schooling are based on rational principles.
Progression through age-graded levels
Primary, secondary, and tertiary divisions
Disciplinary divisions
Record keeping and grading
Children in desks in rows
Teacher centered
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Mass Schooling
Mass schooling arose before industrialization in Europe, US, and Japan
Mass schooling became a norm of global culture; states need it for legitimacy
Article 26 in the UN Declaration of Human Rights.
States use education to socialize about and into the state– national identity
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Mass schooling is a vehicle of socialization
As societies enter more into the international system it is used to demarcate boundaries of membership in nation-state
Data from 120 countries 1870 – 1980: as nations entered global system they expanded education
Only about 10 - 15% of societies keeping records has 10% or more enrollment by WWII
After WWII rate of enrollment increased about 12% per decade as new states were created. It was 100% by 1980
(Meyer et al 1992)
17
Mass Schooling (cont.)
As societies enter more into the international system it is used to demarcate boundaries of membership in nation-state’
Data from 120 countries 1870 – 1980: as nations entered global system they expanded education
Only about 10 - 15% of societies keeping records has 10% or more enrollment by WWII
After WWII rate of enrollment increased about 12% per decade as new states were created. It was 100% by 1980
(Meyer et al 1992)
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Education expanded irrespective of income (and thus of labor needs), against expectations of social scientists (Molina and Purser 2010)
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Status of Education
Primary School Enrollment
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Thirty-one percent of rural girls and 27% of boys are out of school whereas only 15% of urban girls and 14% of boys are out of school (UN 2010, 16 - 18).
20
School, Work, and Income
About one-quarter of children from the poorest quintiles of their countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are in the labor force and not in school,
Only 7% in the richest quintile have to forgo school for labor.
The likelihood that a child will not be either in school or at work is 10% higher in the poorest quintiles than the richest.
Children in the richest quintile are almost twice as likely to attend school and not have to work than children in the poorest.
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
21
Secondary School Enrollments
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
A Closer Look: Secondary School Enrollment (Source: UNICEF 2012) Secondary school enrollments are abysmally low in many parts of the world. The poorest and most conflict ridden areas have the lowest enrollment rates.
22
Educational Reform and Counter Reform
Individualized and student centered instruction
Interdisciplinary studies
Critical thinking and problem focused education
Non-graded
Back to basics
Revisions of science and history curricula
No Child Left Behind
Funding and equality of education
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Health
Article 25 UN Declaration on Human Rights made health care a global norm
Quality of Health
Related to wealth: but improvements in health can occur without increases in wealth
Education
Clean water and sanitation
INGO and NGO health care work (vaccines, mosquito netting, etc)
Lower incomes and rural residence are associated with poorer health outcomes
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Epidemics and Pandemics
Epidemics and pandemics can be more devastating in poorer regions
Vulnerabilities compromise ability to combat disease and respond to crises
Poor are more likely to live in close contact with natural environment and be more susceptible to animal born pathogens.
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Rationalization of Health Care
Standardization and professionalization of practice
Doctors and nurses replace midwives and traditional practitioners
Factory model in hospitals
Patients as “cases” not individuals
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Reformation of Medicine and Practice
Holistic treatments
Revival of traditional practice
Alternative therapies
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Global Health Community
World Health Organization (WHO)
International Health Regulations
Prevent and respond to health risk and emergencies
Protect borders from cross border transmission of disease and pests
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Sports
Late 19th Century: emergence of organized sports
Opportunity for leisure
Urbanization
Mass production and technological advances
Standardization
National and international organizations
Sports celebrities
Athletic body
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Player Migration
Player migration follows channels similar to other labor
Not random
Not simply following money
Not legal requirements or restrictions (quotas, etc)
Language, culture, connections determine migration channels
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Sports and National Identity
Loyalty to home team
Singing of national anthems
Participation in international games
Revival of traditional sports
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Sport as Big Business
Olympics
National pride in winning the competition to host the Olympics
Cost of the Olympics and net losses
Big business of teams
Athletic equipment and clothing
shoes
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
Extreme Sports
Improvements in technology
Reflection of hyper individualism
Triathlons
X games
Hyper-athletic body
Message that anyone can “just do it!”
SAGE Publications, Inc. 2016
