Analysis and Reporting Part I
How to Use the Survey
Questions Scale 1‐5 Uncertainty Avoidance 6‐11 Individualism vs. Collectivism 12‐17 Power Distance 18‐24 Paternalism 25‐29 Masculinity vs. Femininity (Sex Roles)
*AVERAGE THE QUESTIONS FOR A SCALE SCORE 30‐33 Consumption Motivation
*SUM THE QUESTIONS FOR A SCALE SCORE UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE can be defined as how comfortable people feel towards ambiguity. A culture which ranks low may feel more comfortable with the unknown. A high uncertainty avoidance culture prefers more formal rules. INDIVIDUALISM focuses on the rights and interests of the individual, while COLLECTIVISM emphasizes community rights over individual rights. POWER DISTANCE is defined “as the extent to which the less powerful members institutions and organizations accept that the power is distributed equally” (Hofstede, 1993). People in a high distance culture are more comfortable with a larger status differential than people in a low power distance culture. PATERNALISM can be defined as the interference in the life of an adult. People often have differing opinions concerning the acceptability of such interference on a person’s life. In some cases, paternalism can be seen as an unwanted intrusion on a person’s rights concerning his or her own life. But, in contrast, paternalism can be seen in many cases as ethically required. MASCULINITY/FEMININITY refers to expected gender roles in a culture. Masculine cultures tend to have very clear expectations of male and female roles in society. The feminine cultures have more ambiguity in what is expected of each gender. Survey Instrument The survey was provided by Dorfman and Howell and is a revised version of the culture scale reported in a 1989 Advances in International Comparative Management article. The instrument is comprised of subscales which measure five cultural dimensions. CONSUMPTION MOTIVATION measures the importance a consumer places on what others think or are doing prior to making a purchase decision. Survey Instrument The survey originates in a dissertation published in 1978 by George Moschis.
CREATE VARIABLES (averaging or summing) Create New Variables
• When creating a new variable, you want to take the AVERAGE or Summation of the questions which represent the TARGET VARIABLE. (the 1st Factor in your Survey)
• The literature tells you which questions measure the individual factors and how you create them‐either by an average or a summation.
• For example, 5 questions make up the Factor #1. So you: • Go to TRANSFORM on the toolbar, • Then COMPUTE from the menu
• Under TARGET VARIABLE (in the upper left hand corner type in the name of you variable uncertainty avoidance (it will only fit 8 letters, so use your own abbreviation)
• Under FUNCTIONS, find mean, it will say MEAN (numexpr, numexpr,) ‐highlight it and click the arrow to bring it up the big white box (NUMERICAL EXPRESSION) that takes up the right and center top
• Under NUMERICAL EXPRESSION, you will have the following: MEAN (?,?), so what you
want to do is take all of the questions that make up that the target factor and move them over to the expression. “But there is only room for 2!!???”
• Don’t worry…all of them will fit. If you highlight ?,?, this will help you. Now that you have it highlighted in gray, go down to your factor list, and highlight the 1st question that makes up the factor and click the right arrow and it will move to the big white area.
• Place a comma between each question or item and continue to click over each question, until you have all 5: the expression should look something like this: MEAN (item1, item2, item3, item4, item5). Click OK and a new variable will have been created. Repeat this for all of the your factors.
• Here it is‐the new factor… So what you do is CREATE the 5 factors from your survey At this point…individual survey items are no longer important‐ you will work only with the demographics and the factors you created. Keep in mind, you must SUM the “Consumption Motivation” Scale.
- 0BSurvey Instrument
- 0BSurvey Instrument