Psychology assignment 3

Assignment3.docx

Each essay should be answered completely. Each essay is worth 50 points. Each essay should be 500 words (with a window for 50 more or 50 less words). Each essay should contain reference to the literature/readings in appropriate APA style. Each essay should be constructed in typical essay format (e.g., introduction, body, and conclusion).

1. What does short-term memory accomplish for our cognitive processes? Describe the working-memory approach theory to include the functions of its components. Is any component better than the other? Moreover, does the way information is encoded affect how it is retrieved? Provide examples to support some of your assumptions and apply some of your readings and/or research to answer the question.

2. Memory is one of our most important cognitive activities. Many suggest that memory is fragile. As a result, provide explanations regarding the causes of forgetting in memory, both biological and cognitive. Finally, provide suggestions and/or techniques that can improve one's overall long-term memory. Provide examples to support your assumption and apply some of your readings and/or research to answer the question.

Weeks56MemoryPPT1.pdf

Modules 5 & 6 Part 2: Supplementary Information PSY 545 Dr. Harry Rotter

What is Meant by Working Memory?

Often synonymous with Short-Term Memory (STM) it is a temporary storage for information that is required to complete a specific task(s). Important is that working memory allows you to keep information active to be utilized on a variety of cognitive tasks. One problem is that working memory has a limited capacity regarding the tasks that an individual uses. tasks.

Matlin, M.W. (2009). Cognition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Reed, S.K. (2010). Cognition: Theories and applications. Belmont,CA: Wadsworth image: news.uchicago.edu

Classic Research on Working Memory (Short-Term Memory) George Miller’s Magical Number Seven 1956 – Article published: The magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two Demonstrated the capacity to hold a limited number of items for a limited time (Seven Items plus two or minus two). Known as the capacity model with limitations. Note: Our cognitive processes are active. Miller also used the term “chunk” where memory consists of several components (Think of how you remember a telephone number).

Click on the following links for additional information: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIsbbOqnFxY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6o_8ECgDCU Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on the capacity for processing information. Psychological

Review. 63, 81-97 Image: pinterest.ca

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIsbbOqnFxY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6o_8ECgDCU

Brown/Peterson & Peterson Technique

Material held in memory for less than a minute is frequently forgotten. Participants studied three letters. They then saw three-digit numbers and counted backward by threes. This prevented them from rehearsal and is a form of interference. Results indicated that participants recalled most of the letters on the first trials, but recall was poor after several trials. The bottom-line is that memory is fragile.

Peterson, L. R. & Peterson, M. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

Image: psychteacher.co.uk

Factors Pertaining to Examining Short-Term Memory

Serial Position – It is often easier to remember words that are presented first and last with recall being poorest for items presented in the middle.

Recency Effect – You recall items better at the end of a lists.

Primacy Effect – Better recall for items at the beginning of the list. Refer to the above graph.

This led to the most important approach to human memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968.

Rundus, D. (1971). Analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89, 63-57. image: link.springer.vcom

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Model: Information-Processing Model (1968) Known as the multistore model of memory or the modal model. It is actually a structural model that consists of three stores: Sensory register, Short-term memory (STM) and Long-term memory (LTM). As with previous researchers, they understood the fragility of memory.

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system in its control processes. in K.W. Spence & T. J. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-105). New York: Academic Press.

Image: researchgate.com

Alan Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory In viewing this model, there is a limited capacity of each component. The original model contained three components: The phonological loop, The visuo- spatial sketchpad, and the Central Executive. The current model contains the episodic buffer. A summary of these components are as follows: Phonological Loop – This is limited to sounds for a brief period of time. This includes sounds that we process in our mind and learning new vocabulary, math problems, and remembering instructions. Such tasks must be processed through the phonological loop. In addition, it converts written material into a phonological code to be registered in the phonological store. Just think, of mathematical calculations where you have to keep track of numbers.

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system in its control processes. in K.W. Spence & T. J. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-105). New York: Academic Press.

Image: researchgate.net

Alan Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad - Responsible for processing visual and spatial information. This enables you to store images of objects and where they are located. It is used in navigation and activated in activities such as puzzles, mazes, and games. Another example is when you listen to a story and you visualize scenes of the story. This also involves spatial and the movement of information, as well as the planning and execution of body movements. Example: Look at some objects in front of you. Close your eyes and try to touch one of the objects. Your sketchpad allows you to create a brief image of the object.

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system in its control processes. in K.W. Spence & T. J. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-105). New York: Academic Press.

Image: nature.com

Alan Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory Central Executive - incorporates information from the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, the episodic buffer, and from long-term memory. The central executive is responsible for suppressing irrelevant information. Think of the executive as a traffic cop that helps you to decide what to do and not to do. Remember, it does not store material. It mainly plans and coordinates information. Some of the major functions involved with the central executive are multitasking, selective attention, and daydreaming. Example: As you are working on your research proposals, the central executive is playing an active role in helping you to organize your final paper.

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system in its control processes. in K.W. Spence & T. J. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-105). New York: Academic Press.

Image: researchgate.net

Alan Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory Episodic Buffer – This was added to the model 25 years later Baddely’s fourth component. It serves as a temporary storehouse to integrate information obtained from the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and long-term memory. It is really a temporary storage system that uses information to make a clearer connection between working memory and long-term memory. An example is the words that you use while talking.

Interview of Alan Baddeley https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT0NLihOK30

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system in its control processes. in K.W. Spence & T. J. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-105). New York: Academic Press.

Image: york.ca.uk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT0NLihOK30

Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory

psynso.com

References

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system in its control

processes in K.W. Spence 7 T. J. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation:

Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-105). Academic Press.

Matlin, M. W. (2009). Cognition (pp. 93-118). John Wiley & Sons.

Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on the

capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.

Peterson, L. R. & Peterson, M. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items.

Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

Reed, S. K. (2010). Cognition: Theories and applications (pp. 75-99). Wadsworth.

Rundus, D. (1971). Analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall. Journal of Experimental

Psychology, 89, 63-77.

Wright, J. R. (2013). “Disclaimer: All information, images, and links on this website are

thought to be public information. If there is a problem with any copyright violations,

email [email protected]

Links 1. A brief, interactive version of Baddeley's original model of working memory.

http://cat.xula.edu/thinker/memory/working/

2. Science Direct provides an article that explains in great detail the addition of the episodic buffer to Baddeley's model of working memory. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661300015382

3. Just interested in some basic quick facts? eLearning coach provides 20 facts you should know about working memory. http://theelearningcoach.com/learning/20-facts-about-working-memory/

http://cat.xula.edu/thinker/memory/working/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661300015382

http://theelearningcoach.com/learning/20-facts-about-working-memory/

Links

4. A long, but very informative scholarly article of the history of working memory in great detail. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/SUSE/SEAL/Reports_Papers/YuanEtal_Working Memory.pdf

5. GoCognitive provides several different videos of Baddeley himself explaining his model of working memory. http://gocognitive.net/interviews/alan-baddeley-working-memory

http://www.stanford.edu/dept/SUSE/SEAL/Reports_Papers/YuanEtal_WorkingMemory.pdf

http://gocognitive.net/interviews/alan-baddeley-working-memory

Assignment3.docx

Each essay should be answered completely. Each essay is worth 50 points. Each essay should be 500 words (with a window for 50 more or 50 less words). Each essay should contain reference to the literature/readings in appropriate APA style. Each essay should be constructed in typical essay format (e.g., introduction, body, and conclusion).

1. What does short-term memory accomplish for our cognitive processes? Describe the working-memory approach theory to include the functions of its components. Is any component better than the other? Moreover, does the way information is encoded affect how it is retrieved? Provide examples to support some of your assumptions and apply some of your readings and/or research to answer the question.

2. Memory is one of our most important cognitive activities. Many suggest that memory is fragile. As a result, provide explanations regarding the causes of forgetting in memory, both biological and cognitive. Finally, provide suggestions and/or techniques that can improve one's overall long-term memory. Provide examples to support your assumption and apply some of your readings and/or research to answer the question.

Weeks56MemoryPPT1.pdf

Modules 5 & 6 Part 2: Supplementary Information PSY 545 Dr. Harry Rotter

What is Meant by Working Memory?

Often synonymous with Short-Term Memory (STM) it is a temporary storage for information that is required to complete a specific task(s). Important is that working memory allows you to keep information active to be utilized on a variety of cognitive tasks. One problem is that working memory has a limited capacity regarding the tasks that an individual uses. tasks.

Matlin, M.W. (2009). Cognition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Reed, S.K. (2010). Cognition: Theories and applications. Belmont,CA: Wadsworth image: news.uchicago.edu

Classic Research on Working Memory (Short-Term Memory) George Miller’s Magical Number Seven 1956 – Article published: The magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two Demonstrated the capacity to hold a limited number of items for a limited time (Seven Items plus two or minus two). Known as the capacity model with limitations. Note: Our cognitive processes are active. Miller also used the term “chunk” where memory consists of several components (Think of how you remember a telephone number).

Click on the following links for additional information: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIsbbOqnFxY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6o_8ECgDCU Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on the capacity for processing information. Psychological

Review. 63, 81-97 Image: pinterest.ca

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIsbbOqnFxY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6o_8ECgDCU

Brown/Peterson & Peterson Technique

Material held in memory for less than a minute is frequently forgotten. Participants studied three letters. They then saw three-digit numbers and counted backward by threes. This prevented them from rehearsal and is a form of interference. Results indicated that participants recalled most of the letters on the first trials, but recall was poor after several trials. The bottom-line is that memory is fragile.

Peterson, L. R. & Peterson, M. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

Image: psychteacher.co.uk

Factors Pertaining to Examining Short-Term Memory

Serial Position – It is often easier to remember words that are presented first and last with recall being poorest for items presented in the middle.

Recency Effect – You recall items better at the end of a lists.

Primacy Effect – Better recall for items at the beginning of the list. Refer to the above graph.

This led to the most important approach to human memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968.

Rundus, D. (1971). Analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89, 63-57. image: link.springer.vcom

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Model: Information-Processing Model (1968) Known as the multistore model of memory or the modal model. It is actually a structural model that consists of three stores: Sensory register, Short-term memory (STM) and Long-term memory (LTM). As with previous researchers, they understood the fragility of memory.

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system in its control processes. in K.W. Spence & T. J. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-105). New York: Academic Press.

Image: researchgate.com

Alan Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory In viewing this model, there is a limited capacity of each component. The original model contained three components: The phonological loop, The visuo- spatial sketchpad, and the Central Executive. The current model contains the episodic buffer. A summary of these components are as follows: Phonological Loop – This is limited to sounds for a brief period of time. This includes sounds that we process in our mind and learning new vocabulary, math problems, and remembering instructions. Such tasks must be processed through the phonological loop. In addition, it converts written material into a phonological code to be registered in the phonological store. Just think, of mathematical calculations where you have to keep track of numbers.

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system in its control processes. in K.W. Spence & T. J. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-105). New York: Academic Press.

Image: researchgate.net

Alan Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad - Responsible for processing visual and spatial information. This enables you to store images of objects and where they are located. It is used in navigation and activated in activities such as puzzles, mazes, and games. Another example is when you listen to a story and you visualize scenes of the story. This also involves spatial and the movement of information, as well as the planning and execution of body movements. Example: Look at some objects in front of you. Close your eyes and try to touch one of the objects. Your sketchpad allows you to create a brief image of the object.

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system in its control processes. in K.W. Spence & T. J. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-105). New York: Academic Press.

Image: nature.com

Alan Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory Central Executive - incorporates information from the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, the episodic buffer, and from long-term memory. The central executive is responsible for suppressing irrelevant information. Think of the executive as a traffic cop that helps you to decide what to do and not to do. Remember, it does not store material. It mainly plans and coordinates information. Some of the major functions involved with the central executive are multitasking, selective attention, and daydreaming. Example: As you are working on your research proposals, the central executive is playing an active role in helping you to organize your final paper.

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system in its control processes. in K.W. Spence & T. J. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-105). New York: Academic Press.

Image: researchgate.net

Alan Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory Episodic Buffer – This was added to the model 25 years later Baddely’s fourth component. It serves as a temporary storehouse to integrate information obtained from the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and long-term memory. It is really a temporary storage system that uses information to make a clearer connection between working memory and long-term memory. An example is the words that you use while talking.

Interview of Alan Baddeley https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT0NLihOK30

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system in its control processes. in K.W. Spence & T. J. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-105). New York: Academic Press.

Image: york.ca.uk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT0NLihOK30

Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory

psynso.com

References

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system in its control

processes in K.W. Spence 7 T. J. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation:

Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-105). Academic Press.

Matlin, M. W. (2009). Cognition (pp. 93-118). John Wiley & Sons.

Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on the

capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.

Peterson, L. R. & Peterson, M. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items.

Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

Reed, S. K. (2010). Cognition: Theories and applications (pp. 75-99). Wadsworth.

Rundus, D. (1971). Analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall. Journal of Experimental

Psychology, 89, 63-77.

Wright, J. R. (2013). “Disclaimer: All information, images, and links on this website are

thought to be public information. If there is a problem with any copyright violations,

email [email protected]

Links 1. A brief, interactive version of Baddeley's original model of working memory.

http://cat.xula.edu/thinker/memory/working/

2. Science Direct provides an article that explains in great detail the addition of the episodic buffer to Baddeley's model of working memory. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661300015382

3. Just interested in some basic quick facts? eLearning coach provides 20 facts you should know about working memory. http://theelearningcoach.com/learning/20-facts-about-working-memory/

http://cat.xula.edu/thinker/memory/working/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661300015382

http://theelearningcoach.com/learning/20-facts-about-working-memory/

Links

4. A long, but very informative scholarly article of the history of working memory in great detail. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/SUSE/SEAL/Reports_Papers/YuanEtal_Working Memory.pdf

5. GoCognitive provides several different videos of Baddeley himself explaining his model of working memory. http://gocognitive.net/interviews/alan-baddeley-working-memory

http://www.stanford.edu/dept/SUSE/SEAL/Reports_Papers/YuanEtal_WorkingMemory.pdf

http://gocognitive.net/interviews/alan-baddeley-working-memory

Assignment3.docx

Weeks56MemoryPPT1.pdf

Assignment3.docx

Weeks56MemoryPPT1.pdf

Assignment3.docx

Weeks56MemoryPPT1.pdf

Assignment3.docx

Weeks56MemoryPPT1.pdf

Discussion 5

Discussion 6