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Paris04
2 years ago
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files (5)Cockerham_C4-1.ppt
SYO4400FinalProject.docx
Cockerham_C3-1.ppt
- Cockerham_C2-1.ppt
- Cockerham_C1-1.ppt
Cockerham_C4-1.ppt
SYO4400FinalProject.docx
The final project for this class will be a way for students to respond to the class material in a creative or standard format. Students will do the following for the final project:
1. Identify one topic, concept, theory, or idea that is of interest to you that you learned about in class (from the videos, readings, or discussions).
2. Tell what you learned about this topic, concept, theory or idea that you did not know before.
3. Tell how you will use this new knowledge in your life, family, future studies or career.
Cockerham_C3-1.ppt
Chapter x
MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY, 13TH EDITION
William C. Cockerham
Chapter 3
The Social Demography of Health Social Class
© 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Introduction
- In the United States, the poor face substantial barriers in life:
- Typically have worse health than the affluent
- Are treated within the framework of welfare medicine
- Live in disadvantaged urban and rural locales
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
- Socioeconomic status or social class is the strongest and most consistent predictor of a person’s health and life expectancy across the life course regardless of access to health care or health care delivery system
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Components of Social Class
- A social class is a category or group of people who have approximately the same amount of wealth, status, and power in a society
- Different models exist:
- Five-class model used in the U.S.:
- Upper class
- Upper-middle class
- Lower-middle class
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Components of Social Class
- Working class
- Lower class
- Europeans tend to focus more on occupational differences as the chief component of class position
- American sociologists usually rely on socioeconomic status (SES)
- Influenced by theories of Karl Marx and Max Weber
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Components of Social Class
- Wealth an important component but Weber also included social status and power
- Measured by three variables:
- Income
- Occupational prestige
- Education
- Education appears to be the most important component of SES in predicting health outcomes
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Components of Social Class
- Influences:
- Knowledge about healthy lifestyles
- Seeking preventive care or medical treatment for health problems when needed
- Likelihood of having better income and satisfying jobs
- Importance of individual components of SES and their impact on health varies over the life course
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Components of Social Class
- Education influences the onset of chronic diseases
- Income becomes more important later in life; determines how health problems progress
- The poor have the greatest exposure to risk factors that cause ill health:
- Physical (poor sanitation, poor housing)
- Chemical (pollution)
- Biological (bacteria, viruses)
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Components of Social Class
- Psychological (stress)
- Economic (low income, unhealthy jobs)
- Lifestyle (poor diets, smoking, lack of leisure-time exercise)
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Modern Diseases and the Poor
- Chronic diseases are most associated with modernization and were associated with upper classes
- Lifestyle changes among the affluent have reduced their risks of chronic diseases
- Poor more likely to suffer from:
- Infectious diseases
- Chronic diseases
- Mental illness
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Modern Diseases and the Poor
- Richard Wilkinson’s “income inequality hypothesis”
- Blames degree of inequality among classes within a society for health inequalities
- Society’s overall level of wealth less important
- Compelling argument but thus far findings in other research have not supported his position
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Equality of Care and the Social Gradient in Mortality: British Experience
- After World War II, socialized medicine was introduced in Great Britain
- Provides the lower classes with the same medical care available to the upper classes
- Only access to health care was equalized – social class differences unchanged
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Equality of Care and the Social Gradient in Mortality: British Experience
- Equalization of health care alone has not reduced the disparity in health between social classes
- Black Report in 1980 sponsored by British government
- Assessed trends in population health
- Demonstrated health inequalities were not decreasing among different social classes despite increased welfare services
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Equality of Care and the Social Gradient in Mortality: British Experience
- Whitehall studies conducted by Marmot
- Showed social class differences in mortality among British male civil government employees
- Regardless of the cause, those with the highest occupational rank had the lowest percentage of deaths
- Mortality increased across each job category
- Lowest-ranked occupations had the highest percentage of deaths
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Equality of Care and the Social Gradient in Mortality: British Experience
- Social gradient observed even among relatively high ranked groups, where poverty was not an issue
- Differences in mortality were linked to hierarchy rather than deprivation
- Observed in numerous countries, regardless of the specific variable used to indicate social position
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Equality of Care and the Social Gradient in Mortality: British Experience
- Possible reasons for gradient include differences between classes in:
- Self-esteem and stress levels
- Effects of income inequality
- Deprivation through life course
- Health lifestyles and social support
- Socioeconomic environment
- Use of preventive health services
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Neighborhood Disadvantage
- Five features of neighborhoods that can affect health:
- Physical environment
- Surroundings at home, work, and play
- Services provided to support people
- Sociocultural aspects of the neighborhood
- Reputation of an area
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Neighborhood Disadvantage
- Orderly neighborhoods are clean and safe, houses and buildings are well maintained, and residents are respectful of each other and each other’s property
- Disorderly neighborhoods reflect a breakdown in social order, as there is noise, litter, poorly maintained houses and buildings, vandalism, graffiti, fear, and crime
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
SES as a Fundamental Cause of Sickness and Mortality
- SES can be described as a direct cause of poor health because it:
- Influences multiple diseases
- Affects these diseases through multiple pathways of risks
- Is reproduced over time
- Involves access to resources that can be used to avoid risks or minimize the consequences of disease if it occurs
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
SES as a Fundamental Cause of Sickness and Mortality
- The degree of socioeconomic resources a person has or does not have, such as money, knowledge, status, power, and social connections, either protects health or causes premature mortality
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- Conduct a literature review in Physical Security in an organization or business community. You can also conduct a literature review on organizations that have taken proactive approaches to enhance organizational Physical Security.
- Homework
- Staff Development & Performance Evaluation Assignment
- Hasidic Judaism
- Students conclusion
- software engineering
- Unit II SP Assessment Correction
- Unemployment rates
- discussion
- Engaging Families to Support Indigenous Students’ Numeracy Development
