Need Writing Help (OUTLINES)

HSE 460 Term Paper: Intro, Outline, Closing, and References

In this assignment, students should create a well-developed thesis statement that encompasses the focus of their final paper. An outline of the final assignment should be developed. This should include the outline structure using Roman numerals with headings and subheadings and includes many details.

· Intro - Include thesis statement (Do your best here.  I know this will change. Since you've collected a few sources and started working on your project, do what you can to write your intro paragraph here, including your thesis statement.)

· Body - Use subheadings to divide ideas and content. (Use appropriate Roman numerals and letters here.  Separate your ideas.  You are not required to write full paragraphs.  I would like to see a couple of full sentences as you introduce the main topic of the paragraph.  You can then lay out simple topics that should be addressed in your paragraph.)

· Conclusion - Brief summary of the ideas in your paper ( Again, do your best here.  Restate your thesis, and quickly summarize the main points in your paper. )

Include an APA formatted cover page.  You will also include a reference page with the references used on your annotated bibliography.  Do not include the annotations.  I only need the reference list in alphabetical order (standard reference page).

Review the sample outline sent by your instructor in this week's announcement. (Attached to post)

AUTO BIBLIOGRAPHY BELOW & RUBRIC BELOW

Annotated Bibliography: Threats of Terrorism Following 9/11

Student

Institution

Course

Professor

Date

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Threats of Terrorism Following 9/11

Binder, J. F., & Kenyon, J. (2022). Terrorism and the internet: How dangerous is online radicalization? Frontiers in Psychology, 13(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.997390

The article by Binder and Kenyon looks at the online radicalization after 9/11. They discuss the extremist presence on social media, highlighting the grey areas between terror and also other crimes. On threat quantification, they discuss the prevalence, mechanisms such as echo chambers, and the subtle interplay between online and offline effects on radicalization. As part of an ongoing debate over the dangers of online radicalization, authors critically analyze the empirical evidence.

Krause, D. (2023). Armed Conflicts With Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State: The Role of Repression and State Capacity. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 002200272311762-002200272311762. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027231176237

Dino Krause conducts a large-N analysis of states in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia from 2003 to 2019 to investigate how al-Qaeda and Islamic State evolved out of the civil wars. The impact of state repression, military capabilities, and bureaucratic state capacity on the jihadist rebels are explored in the study. The results highlight the importance of the bureaucratic capacity for reducing trans-nationalization risks and discouraging overly restrictive counterterrorism strategies.

Raineri, L. (2020). Explaining the Rise of Jihadism in Africa: The Crucial Case of the Islamic State of the Greater Sahara. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(8), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1828078

Raineri, on the other hand, in this article discusses complicated factors that led to the jihadism surge in Africa, contradicting the common belief which says that poor governance is solely responsible for it. On ISGS, the author makes an argument based on qualitative evidence that state activities, which could be perceived as abuses from the side of jihadists—are a central pillar for their mobilization. This work provides many meaningful insights into the intricate nature of terrorism in the African borderlands, highlighting the necessity for a sophisticated understanding between state policies and jihadist insurgencies.

Jones, S. G., Doxsee, C., Hwang, G., & Thompson, J. (2021). The Military, Police, and the Rise of Terrorism in the United States. Www.csis.org. https://www.csis.org/analysis/military-police-and-rise-terrorism-united-states

This article, drawing on data from the CSIS Center, examines the rising participation of American military and law enforcement personnel in homegrown terrorism. It describes not only the historical patterns but also recent episodes; thus, it emphasizes the practice of extremists to attack security agencies and requires more attention to this growing issue in those institutions. The analysis also reveals particular incidents, state reactions, and the requirement for organized data to learn about the gravity of this problem.

Gaibulloev, K., & Sandler, T. (2019). What We Have Learned about Terrorism since 9/11. Journal of Economic Literature, 57(2), 275–328. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181444

Gaibulloev and Sandler critically review the empirical literature post-9/11. The study covers many issues, such as terrorism evolving, counterterrorist policies, and also economic outcomes; it highlights some unforeseen adverse effects of policy. It supports new ways of fighting terrorism. Transnational and domestic terrorism is also discussed in the article, highlighting that religious fundamentalists are durable, as well as the inconsistency of counterterrorism measures.

Smith, M., & Zeigler, S. M. (2017). Terrorism before and after 9/11 – a more dangerous world? Research & Politics, 4(4), 205316801773975. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168017739757

The negative binomial regression models investigate the post-9/11 global trends on terrorism change and direction. Taking the period from 1989–2014, the authors are subject to analysis of how civil conflict, Muslim population ratios, and Western interventions matter. Their results point to significant changes, providing important perspectives on the changing nature of terrorism in today's world.

de Roy van Zuijdewijn, J., & Bakker, E. (2023). Twenty years of countering jihadism in Western Europe: from the shock of 9/11 to “jihadism fatigue.” Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2023.2200411

Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn and Edwin Bakker critically analyze the changing face of jihadist threats and counterterrorism policies and their implications. This highlights the need to make perceptions about threats match reality, warns against 'jihadism fatigue,' and criticizes incident-oriented counterterrorism. They include 9/11, terrorist threats, and also counterterrorism policies, the effects of terrorism, as well as how it should be reasonably dealt with.

Orehek, E., & Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis, A. (2014). Understanding the Terrorist Threat. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732214549747

Edward Orehek and Anna Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis examine the psychological dimensions of terrorism, highlighting its instrumental value for political objectives in their work. They investigate the motives guiding human beings, emphasizing their need to feel important; hence, they have revealed the factors vital in formulating proper counterterrorism policies today.

RUBRIC

5. Wk 4: Term Paper-Intro, Outline, and Closing w/References Rubric

Criteria	15 points	20 points
Thesis Statement	The thesis statement mostly includes elements of what the essay will be about.	The well-developed thesis statement encompasses what the essay will be about.
Concluding Statement	The concluding statement mostly reviews the subject and comes to a logical conclusion.	The concluding statement reviews the subject and comes to a logical conclusion.
Headings and Subheadings	Mostly describes each header and associated sub-headers in the outline.	Describes each header and associated sub-headers in the outline.
Format of Outline	Mostly follows the example using the five-paragraph outline structure using Roman numerals (Intro, body with three subheadings, and conclusion) with headings and subheadings and includes details.	Follows the example using the five-paragraph outline structure using Roman numerals (Intro, body with three subheadings, and conclusion) with headings and subheadings and includes many details.
Grammar	Very few grammatical mistakes throughout.	No major grammatical errors throughout.

HSE 470 Final Paper: Intro, Outline, Closing and References

In this assignment, students should create a well-developed thesis statement that encompasses the focus of their final paper. An outline of the final assignment should be developed. This should include the outline structure using Roman numerals with headings and subheadings and includes many details.

· Intro - Include thesis statement (Do your best here.  I know this will change. Since you've collected a few sources and started working on your project, do what you can to write your intro paragraph here, including your thesis statement.)

· Body - Use subheadings to divide ideas and content. (Use appropriate Roman numerals and letters here.  Separate your ideas.  You are not required to write full paragraphs.  I would like to see a couple of full sentences as you introduce the main topic of the paragraph.  You can then lay out simple topics that should be addressed iEn your paragraph.)

· Conclusion - Brief summary of the ideas in your paper (Again, do your best here.  Restate your thesis, and quickly summarize the main points in your paper.)

Include an APA formatted cover page.  You will also include a reference page with the references used on your annotated bibliography.  Do not include the annotations.  I only need the reference list in alphabetical order (standard reference page).

Review the sample outline sent by your instructor in this week's announcement. (Attached to post).

AUTO BIBLIOGRAPHY BELOW & RUBRIC BELOW

Annotated Bibliography: The threats associated with Al Qaeda partnering with terror groups in Africa in terms of U.S. Homeland security.

Student

Institution

Course

Professor

Date

References

Agbiboa, D. (2015). Shifting the Battleground: The Transformation of Al-Shabab and the Growing Influence of Al-Qaeda in East Africa and the Horn. Politikon, 42(2), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2015.1005791 .

The article explores the transformation of Al-Shabab from a Somali nationalist organization to a global terrorist group, focusing on the 'universal/abstract' versus 'strategic' discourse. It argues that Al-Shabab's Somali nationalism aligns with Al-Qaeda's ideology of restoring Islamic power globally, thereby rolling back foreign influence, particularly the USA. The article also highlights Al-Shabab's growing capability to shift battlegrounds and strike at enemy targets outside Somalia, indicating its evolution as a transnational terrorist group with deepening ties to Al-Qaeda and its global jihadist movement. The Westgate attack, aimed at driving out forces of the African Union Mission in Somalia, highlights Al-Shabab's growing capability to strike at enemy targets outside Somalia.

Allen, N. D. F. (2018). Assessing a Decade of U.S. Military Strategy in Africa. Orbis, 62(4), 655–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2018.08.011 .

The article examines the current U.S. military strategy in Africa, focusing on its ability to neutralize transnational threats and contribute to political stability. It finds mixed performance, with recent successes in containing al Qaeda and Islamic State affiliated groups like Al-Shabaab potentially compromising long-term regional security. The U.S. has significantly increased its military presence in Africa over the past decade, establishing a new permanent command, providing security assistance, and introducing new tactics. However, the effectiveness of this increased engagement in Africa remains uncertain. The article recommends enhancing the U.S. and other regional actors' armed forces to better combat terrorism and manage political risks.

ALVI, H. (2019). Terrorism in Africa: The Rise of Islamist Extremism and Jihadism. Insight Turkey, 21(1), 111–132. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26776050 .

This chapter explores how Al-Qaeda has historically used Africa as a hub for terrorism, with the U.S. Embassy bombings in 1998 highlighting its presence in the region. This strategic move by Bin Laden led to major counter-terrorism operations in Africa for the US homeland security. According to the study, the link between al-Qaeda and Jihadist terrorism in Africa dates back to the Soviet Union's fight against Afghanistan. However, if improvements in human security, economies, politics, education, conflict resolution, and wealth distribution are not addressed, Africa may continue to experience a history of being Al-Qaeda’s safe landscape for terrorism.

Debisa, N. G. (2021). Security diplomacy as a response to Horn of Africa’s security complex: Ethio-US partnership against al-Shabaab. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1893423. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1893423 .

The United States and other powerful nations in the Horn of Africa have been actively working to counter the threat of al-Shabaab, a terrorist group. Despite the ongoing efforts, the intensity of the threat from al-Shabaab has increased, and its tactics have evolved over time. This qualitative research to explore the Ethio-US counterterrorism partnership in the Horn of Africa. The study found that the Ethio-US partnership, along with other organizations, has maintained multilateral and bilateral cooperation against al-Shabaab. Collective counterterrorism has driven al-Shabaab from the center, leading to the liberation of many districts in Somalia. However, the counterterrorism intervention has not been successful due to various internal and external factors.

Griffin, C. (2018). Trump and the Al Qaeda and ISIS Networks in Africa. Revue LISA / LISA E-Journal, vol. XVI-n°2. https://doi.org/10.4000/lisa.10157 .

Griffin's (2018) explores how the US has shifted its military policy in Africa, focusing on counterterrorism against Al Qaeda and ISIS. This policy contrasts with the reality on the ground, where the US considers the war on terrorism there to be strategically important. The presence of the US Army in Somalia, Libya, Niger, and Nigeria demonstrates that Trump carried over some of the active military policies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. However, Trump changed the US strategy from an emphasis on foreign aid and peacekeeping to a focus on using significant military force and firepower to defeat Al Qaeda and ISIS terrorist groups. The wars in Africa fit into Trump's worldwide war on terrorism aimed at destroying Al Qaeda and ISIS to keep America’s homeland security.

Humud, C. E. (2016). Al Qaeda and US Policy: Middle East and Africa (Vol. 43756). Congressional Research Service.

This report examines the threats posed by these Al Qaeda affiliates in Middle East and Africa to the United States homeland security and the US approach to responding to individual group threats. The US is facing an increasing threat from Al Qaeda affiliates in the Middle East and Africa, despite its efforts to combat Al Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The network maintains several affiliates in the region (Middle East and Africa), including Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and Al Shabaab.

Joseph, D., & Maruf, H. (2018). Inside Al-Shabaab: the secret history of Al-Qaeda's most powerful ally. Indiana University Press.

The study looks into Al-Shabaab's ties to Al-Qaeda. This African Islamist group is a big risk to peace in the Horn of Africa. Their rules on clothes, media, sports, speech, and prayer are strict. If a Somali person disagrees or does not follow the rules, they face backlash or even death. The study also looks at America's fight against Al-Shabaab. The 2006 Ethiopian attack on Somalia helped this fight and various things influenced it. These include diplomatic messages, notes from Osama bin Laden's hiding place, court info from the cases of American Al-Shabaab members, and emails from Hillary Clinton's time as Secretary of State.

McQuaid, J., Schroden, J., Faber, P. G., Hammerberg, K., Powell, A., Gold, Z., Knoll, D. L., & Rosenau, W. (2019, December 4). The US campaign against al-Qaeda, 2001-16: an assessment. Www.elgaronline.com; Edward Elgar Publishing. https://www.elgaronline.com/abstract/edcoll/9781786438010/9781786438010.00042.xml .

This research discusses that for nearly twenty years, the US has been fighting Islamist terrorism using their national security tools. They have been campaigning against terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State. They also target Al-Qaeda’s allies in places like Afghanistan, the Middle East, and Africa. For example, the Al-Shabaab. The research then talks about a review on how to defeat Al-Qaeda. It was based on a study that Congress asked for in 2017, which used many national security tools such as: case studies, security intelligence in places where Al-Qaeda are located, and a list of US-led actions and programs.

RUBRIC

5. Final Project: Intro, Outline, Closing, and References

Criteria	15 points	20 points
Thesis Statement	Thesis statement mostly includes elements of what essay will be about.	Well- developed thesis statement that encompasses what the essay will be about.
Concluding Statement	Concluding statement mostly reviews subject and comes to a logical conclusion.	Concluding statement reviews subject and comes to a logical conclusion.
Headings and Subheadings	Mostly describes each header and associated sub-headers in the outline.	Describes each header and associated sub-headers in the outline.
Format of Outline	Mostly follows the example using the five-paragraph outline structure using Roman numerals (Intro, body with three subheadings, and conclusion) with headings and subheadings and includes details.	Follows the example using the five-paragraph outline structure using Roman numerals (Intro, body with three subheadings, and conclusion) with headings and subheadings and includes many details.
Grammar	Very few grammatical mistakes throughout.	No major grammatical errors throughout.