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HSE 450 Final Paper: Intro Outline Closing and References

This assignment is related to the course’s final assignment that students contribute to throughout the course. Students will base this assignment on the topic that was selected in Week 2. In this assignment, students should create a well-developed thesis statement that encompasses what the final assignment essay will be about. An outline of the final assignment should be developed. This should include the five-paragraph outline structure using Roman numerals (Intro, body with three subheadings, and conclusion) with headings and subheadings and includes many details.

A concluding statement in the form of a conclusion should be created with this week’s assignment. References that were identified in last week’s annotated bibliography and that are going to be used to support the main points of the final assignment should be included on this assignment in APA format.

AUTO BIBLIOGRAPHY BELOW & RUBRIC BELOW

Annotated Bibliography: How Radicalization Occurs

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References

Benevento, A. (2023). The Necessity to Recognize Processes of Radicalization from a Socio-cultural Perspective. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 57, 1418–1434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-021-09620-0 .

The paper explored the role of psychological theories in understanding radicalization, highlighting that it is not always violent behavior. It emphasized the need for research to consider social, cultural, political, and historical contexts when planning studies and discussing results. The paper suggested that psychology can make a significant difference in understanding radicalization across various study settings and groups, as it has well-known theories that help to understand people and identify differences in different situations. Currently, the idea of radicalization is limited to violent behavior by minority groups, primarily Muslims, in Western countries.

Carvalho, J.-P., & Sacks, M. (2023). The Economics of Religious Communities: Social Integration, Discrimination and Radicalization. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3297267 .

The paper looked at the rise of radical groups and how policies are made to stop people from becoming radicalized. It was mostly about a group of individuals that finds meaning in doing things that are based on their identity. A group that looks to the future can host these kinds of events by changing the standards for membership all the time to reflect present and future extreme involvement. Carvalho and Sacks (2023) said that cultural cleansing, which weeds out moderates and only gets rebels, is a sign of radicalism. They also said that traditional policies meant to stop radicalization can fail and make people more radical; organizations can make people more radical by reaching out to and discriminating over participants; and light anti-radical messages and educational actions can stop radicalization processes in their tracks.

de Graaf, B. A., & van den Bos, K. (2021). Religious radicalization: social appraisals and finding radical redemption in extreme beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 40, 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.028 .

The paper provided a psychological analysis of religious extremism. The authors made note of the fact that extreme religious group members' radical behavior cannot be adequately explained by either macro-level approaches (which examine societal structural conditions) or micro-level approaches (which concentrate on psychological coping and personal evaluation of individual circumstances). Rather, they argued that religious radicalization is best understood using meso-level methods. These methods, which operate on a meso-level, clarify how adherents of radical religious organizations evaluate the state of society and find salvation in their radical ideas. More specifically, they pushed for a closer look at the social and historical settings where radicalization processes occur and stories of radical salvation are popular.

Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F. M., Kruglanski, A. W., de Wolf, A., Mann, L., & Feddes, A. R. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11(11), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008 .

This paper by Doosje et al. (2016) looked at previous research and made a framework of radicalism and de-radicalization. In the framework, radicalism was broken down into three stages: the sensitive phase, the group participation phase, and the act of rebellion phase. They talked about the small, medium, and large factors that affect how radicalization occurs in each of these stages. The writers did find, though, that some people merely become more radical; they may also become less radical. They talked about the small-, medium-, and large-scale variables that affect de-radicalization. They also talked about how group participation and relationships between groups play a big part in radicalism experiences.

Herschinger, E., Bozay, K., Drachenfels, M. von, Decker, O., & Joppke, C. (2020). A Threat to Open Societies? Conceptualizing the Radicalization of Society. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 14, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-3807 .

This article explored elements that contribute to society becoming more radicalized and gave an outline of recent studies. The latter developed when the community saw a break from accepted social standards in political interactions and the legality of the political structure was questioned, particularly if the application of violence during politics was no longer condemned. Overall, Herschinger et al. (2020) found radicalized people, organizations, environments, or groups may have the capacity to radicalize societies. A decline in societal cohesiveness may result from escalating and gradual socio-political developments. They recommended that social resilience be strengthened and public discourse be civilized in light of this prospect.

Hollewell, G. F., & Longpré, N. (2021). Radicalization in the Social Media Era: Understanding the Relationship between Self-Radicalization and the Internet. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 66(8), 0306624X2110287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x211028771 .

Hollewell and Longpré (2021) argued that terrorists' usage of the Internet to disseminate their propaganda has changed significantly, raising concerns for counterterrorism units. The younger adults are more vulnerable as a result of the substantial shift in their mode of self-radicalization brought about by the rising usage of social networking sites. They investigated the association involving social networking sites and self-radicalization among learners in higher education. They discovered that those with college degrees, particularly young males, were more likely to favor political acts of terror and violence and, thus, were more likely to become radicalized.

Leistedt, S. J. (2016). On the Radicalization Process. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 61(6), 1588–1591. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13170 .

This study went into great detail about the process of radicalization, which is a crucial component of making terrorists. First, the author suggested a transitional analysis based on his or her experience evaluating terrorist behavior from a psychological point of view. Second, the author based this proposal on a thorough review of all the current literature. Because it is so important, the author said that one of the main goals of behavioral scientists should be to understand how radicalism works. There should be global research projects that look at a lot of different areas, like what causes people to become radicalized, how the media affects people's views, and subsequently, programs that help people stop being radicalized.

Lösel, F., Bender, D., Jugl, I., & King, S. (2020). Resilience against Political and Religious Extremism, Radicalization, and Related Violence: A Systematic Review of Studies on Protective Factors. Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime and Terrorism, 55–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36639-1_3 .

Lösel et al. (2020) stated that radicalization, a phenomenon involving extremism and violence, is a significant issue in many countries. However, they found a lack of research on resilience and protective factors in this domain. Their article reviewed quantitative studies on protective effects against extremism and radicalization, as well as qualitative research on factors contributing to disengagement from radical groups. The studies found that self-control, adherence to law, acceptance of police legitimacy, illness, non-deviant significant others, positive parenting behavior, good school achievement, non-violent peers, contact to foreigners, and basic attachment to society were significant protective factors against radicalization. The findings suggested that issues of extremism, violent radicalization, and terrorism should be integrated into

Criteria	15 points	20 points
Thesis Statement	Thesis statement mostly includes elements of what essay will be about.	Well- developed thesis statement that encompasses what the essay will be about.
Concluding Statement	Concluding statement mostly reviews subject and comes to a logical conclusion.	Concluding statement reviews subject and comes to a logical conclusion.
Headings and Subheadings	Mostly describes each header and associated sub-headers in the outline.	Describes each header and associated sub-headers in the outline.
Format of Outline	Mostly follows the example using the five-paragraph outline structure using Roman numerals (Intro, body with three subheadings, and conclusion) with headings and subheadings and includes details.	Follows the example using the five-paragraph outline structure using Roman numerals (Intro, body with three subheadings, and conclusion) with headings and subheadings and includes many details.
Grammar	Very few grammatical mistakes throughout.	No major grammatical errors throughout.

criminology.

RUBRIC

5. Final Project: Intro, Outline, Closing, and References