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ch-10-PPTaccessible.pptx

Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present

First Edition

Chapter 10

Romanesque

8th Century – 1150 C.E.

If this PowerPoint presentation contains mathematical equations, you may need to check that your computer has the following installed:

1) Math Type Plugin

2) Math Player (free versions available)

3) NVDA Reader (free versions available)

Romanesque

International architectural style with regional variations

Name from similarity to ancient Roman buildings

Round arches, articulation of parts for unit

Older construction methods & forms

Respond to functional needs

Innovations carried further in Gothic

Primarily ecclesiastical buildings

Period of great religious zeal

Crusades, pilgrimage to Jerusalem; Rome; Santiago, Spain

Concepts

Religion important

Influences thinking about tradition, honor, chivalry, education, ceremony, family life

Shape & define social, cultural, & design progress

Period of turmoil, unrest

Unity, stability, sanctuary in Crusades, pilgrimage & other churches, monasteries

Churches along pilgrimage routes—multifunctional, safe havens for pilgrims

Motifs: round arch, corbel table, figures, animals, fantastic figures, foliage, heraldic devices, zigzags, geometric forms

Moldings: zigzag, star, billet, lozenge

10.1

Motifs and Ornament: Top left: wall painting, Orvieto Cathedral, Orvieto, Italy; bottom left: floor, Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy; top and bottom right: Norman Romanesque ornament

Architecture

Need for larger, structurally stable churches

Accommodate crowds of pilgrims, worshippers

Good light & acoustics, fire resistant

Masonry construction methods

Common architectural language, deliberate design approach

Symmetry order, unity, monumentality, solidity, articulation of parts, repeated modules

Round arches, piers, ribbed vaults, towers, buttresses, ambulatories, thick walls

Figural & non figural sculpture

Innovations: variations of piers, original capitals, triforium

10.2

Architectural Details and Moldings: Top left and right: moldings, 11th-12th centuries; bottom left: Portal, Wenlock Abbey, Shropshire England. Romanesque.

10.3

Portal: Église Sainte-Foy de Moriaàs, 1080; Moriaàs, France. Romanesque.

10.4

Capitals from various churches. Romanesque.

10.5a

S. Ambrogio and floor plan, c. 1080-1128; Milan, Italy; a significant example of the Lombard-Romanesque style.

Long Description:

The portico’s arcade is supported by pillars, flanked by semi columns.

10.5b

S. Ambrogio interior, c. 1080-1128; Milan, Italy; a significant example of Lombard-Romanesque. Romanesque.

Interiors

Repeat exterior characteristics--round arches, repeated modules

Other features—ribbed vaults, compound piers, triforium, thick walls, masonry ceiling

Elements create unity, order, individuality

Interiors more architectonic, less glittering than Early Christian & Byzantine

Sculpture outlines nave, transverse arches, windows, doors, capitals

Few domestic survive

Ceremony & rank shown in decoration

Textiles instead of woodwork or furniture

10.6

Nave, Durham Cathedral 1093-1133; Durham, England. Romanesque.

10.6b

Arches detail, Durham Cathedral, 1093-1133; Durham, England. Romanesque.

Long Description:

The arches show a ribbed vault on the top, clerestory windows on the sides, the transverse arch in the middle, triforium on the aisle, rounded arches form an arcade, and complex piers appear as cluster columns and Chevron motif on the column.

10.7

S. Madeleine nave and floor plan, c. 11-4-1132 and later; Vézelay, France. Romanesque.

Furnishing and Decorative Arts

Mostly church furnishing survive

Altars, canopies, shrines

Simple board construction

Nails or pegs boards together

Sophisticated construction methods (veneer) & decorative techniques (inlay) unknown

Common embellishment—turning, carving, painting in bright colors

Types: chairs (few), stools (mostly), storage, beds

10.10

Thrones. Romanesque.

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ch-07-PPTaccessible.pptx

Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present

First Edition

Chapter 7

Early Christian

3rd – 7th Centuries

If this PowerPoint presentation contains mathematical equations, you may need to check that your computer has the following installed:

1) Math Type Plugin

2) Math Player (free versions available)

3) NVDA Reader (free versions available)

D. Middle Ages

Period between Late Imperial Rome (c. 330 C.E.) & rebirth of classicism in Renaissance (c. 1400 C.E.)

Unsettled time, unifying Roman element gone

Invasions & conquests of Germanic tribes & Muslims

Unrest, political turmoil, religious conflicts, artistic disorder

Period of great religious emphasis in West

Christianity & Islam

Ecclesiastical building dominates period

Little domestic survives

Early Christian

Refers to buildings, iconography related to Christianity

Begins in Roman Empire, 3rd-7th centuries

Christianity receives approval of Roman empire c. 323 C.E.

Christians adapt Roman secular structures to their liturgical needs

Create images & symbols to inspire & educate believers

Buildings & iconography define Western churches & religious structures for centuries following

Concepts

New religion, officially sanctified by Roman Empire

Needs appropriate settings & ceremonies

Avoid pagan implications of Roman temples

Adapt Late Imperial secular Roman buildings for preaching & processions

Christian imagery blends Roman traditions

Wall paintings, mosaics in churches

Backgrounds for worship, elevation & education of believers

Significant contributions: church buildings, furnishings & imagery

Motifs

Main symbols associated with Jesus Christ, founder & Christian Savior

Cross, main symbol; also fish, dove, lamb

Greek letters chi (X) and rho (P) form Christ’s monogram

Christ himself, shepherds, sheep (Christ the Good Shepherd)

Mary (Christ’s mother), the apostles, various saints, church rulers

7.1

Motifs: Top left: ceiling mosaic, S. Costanza, Rome, Italy; Bottom left: ceiling mosaic, S. Costanza, Rome, Italy; top right: apse mosaic, S.Giovanni en Laterano, Rome, Italy. Early Christian

Architecture

Building types: churches, baptisteries, mausoleums or tombs, memorial structures at sacred sites

Churches adapted from Roman basilicas

Retain nave, aisles, apse

Nave, aisles focus to altar in apse

Altar faces east Jerusalem, where Christ crucified; entrance opposite

Transept added for more space

Creates Latin cross plan, most common church plan

Central plans for baptisteries or mausoleums

Rich ornament & decoration have singular purpose of worshipping Christian God

7.2a

Old Basilica of S. Peter, reconstruction drawing and floor plan, c. 320-330 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Replaced by present basilica beginning in 1505. Early Christian.

7.2b

Old Basilica of S. Peter section view; c. 320-330 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Replaced by present basilica beginning in 1505. Early Christian.

7.3

S. Apollinare en Classe, c. 532-549 c.e.; Ravenna, Italy. Early Christian.

7.3b

S. Apollinare en Classe nave, c. 532-549 c.e.; Ravenna, Italy. Early Christian.

7.4a

S. Costanza and floor plan, c. 340 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Early Christian.

7.4b

S. Costanza, central altar area, c. 340 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Early Christian

Interiors

Wall decoration on unprecedented scale

Many wall surfaces to be decorated

Ornamented interiors contrast with plain exteriors

Symbolic of inner lives of Christians

Frescoes or mosaics blend classical types & precedents with divine persons; Jewish, Christian, & Roman traditions

Roman columns frequently reused for nave arcades

Triumphal arch frames apse

Paintings & mosaics cover nave walls, triumphal arch, apse, domes, vaults

Simple designs maximize legibility

7.6 (1 of 2)

Nave, S. Lorenzo Fuori le Mura (S. Lorenzo Outside the Walls), c. 378 c.e.; Rome, Italy, uses fragments (spolia) of Imperial Roman buildings. Early Christian.

7.6 (2 of 2)

S. Clemente nave, 11th and 12 centuries; Rome Italy, rebuilt closely following original form & reusing materials from the 4th-century basilica that burned in 1084. Early Christian.

Furnishings and Decorative Arts

Little original furniture survives

Pictorial examples in mosaics, paintings, illuminated manuscripts

Church furniture richly decorated

Carving, gilding, sometimes jewels

Secular furnishings--chairs & chests--follow Roman types

Often mix Christian & pagan symbols

7.8

S. Matthew from The Coronation Gospels, c. 800-810 c.e. Early Christian.

7.9

Sarcophagus; Ravenna, Italy. Early Christian.

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ch-10-PPTaccessible.pptx

Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present

First Edition

Chapter 10

Romanesque

8th Century – 1150 C.E.

If this PowerPoint presentation contains mathematical equations, you may need to check that your computer has the following installed:

1) Math Type Plugin

2) Math Player (free versions available)

3) NVDA Reader (free versions available)

Romanesque

International architectural style with regional variations

Name from similarity to ancient Roman buildings

Round arches, articulation of parts for unit

Older construction methods & forms

Respond to functional needs

Innovations carried further in Gothic

Primarily ecclesiastical buildings

Period of great religious zeal

Crusades, pilgrimage to Jerusalem; Rome; Santiago, Spain

Concepts

Religion important

Influences thinking about tradition, honor, chivalry, education, ceremony, family life

Shape & define social, cultural, & design progress

Period of turmoil, unrest

Unity, stability, sanctuary in Crusades, pilgrimage & other churches, monasteries

Churches along pilgrimage routes—multifunctional, safe havens for pilgrims

Motifs: round arch, corbel table, figures, animals, fantastic figures, foliage, heraldic devices, zigzags, geometric forms

Moldings: zigzag, star, billet, lozenge

10.1

Motifs and Ornament: Top left: wall painting, Orvieto Cathedral, Orvieto, Italy; bottom left: floor, Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy; top and bottom right: Norman Romanesque ornament

Architecture

Need for larger, structurally stable churches

Accommodate crowds of pilgrims, worshippers

Good light & acoustics, fire resistant

Masonry construction methods

Common architectural language, deliberate design approach

Symmetry order, unity, monumentality, solidity, articulation of parts, repeated modules

Round arches, piers, ribbed vaults, towers, buttresses, ambulatories, thick walls

Figural & non figural sculpture

Innovations: variations of piers, original capitals, triforium

10.2

Architectural Details and Moldings: Top left and right: moldings, 11th-12th centuries; bottom left: Portal, Wenlock Abbey, Shropshire England. Romanesque.

10.3

Portal: Église Sainte-Foy de Moriaàs, 1080; Moriaàs, France. Romanesque.

10.4

Capitals from various churches. Romanesque.

10.5a

S. Ambrogio and floor plan, c. 1080-1128; Milan, Italy; a significant example of the Lombard-Romanesque style.

Long Description:

The portico’s arcade is supported by pillars, flanked by semi columns.

10.5b

S. Ambrogio interior, c. 1080-1128; Milan, Italy; a significant example of Lombard-Romanesque. Romanesque.

Interiors

Repeat exterior characteristics--round arches, repeated modules

Other features—ribbed vaults, compound piers, triforium, thick walls, masonry ceiling

Elements create unity, order, individuality

Interiors more architectonic, less glittering than Early Christian & Byzantine

Sculpture outlines nave, transverse arches, windows, doors, capitals

Few domestic survive

Ceremony & rank shown in decoration

Textiles instead of woodwork or furniture

10.6

Nave, Durham Cathedral 1093-1133; Durham, England. Romanesque.

10.6b

Arches detail, Durham Cathedral, 1093-1133; Durham, England. Romanesque.

Long Description:

10.7

S. Madeleine nave and floor plan, c. 11-4-1132 and later; Vézelay, France. Romanesque.

Furnishing and Decorative Arts

Mostly church furnishing survive

Altars, canopies, shrines

Simple board construction

Nails or pegs boards together

Sophisticated construction methods (veneer) & decorative techniques (inlay) unknown

Common embellishment—turning, carving, painting in bright colors

Types: chairs (few), stools (mostly), storage, beds

10.10

Thrones. Romanesque.

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ch-07-PPTaccessible.pptx

Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present

First Edition

Chapter 7

Early Christian

3rd – 7th Centuries

If this PowerPoint presentation contains mathematical equations, you may need to check that your computer has the following installed:

1) Math Type Plugin

2) Math Player (free versions available)

3) NVDA Reader (free versions available)

D. Middle Ages

Period between Late Imperial Rome (c. 330 C.E.) & rebirth of classicism in Renaissance (c. 1400 C.E.)

Unsettled time, unifying Roman element gone

Invasions & conquests of Germanic tribes & Muslims

Unrest, political turmoil, religious conflicts, artistic disorder

Period of great religious emphasis in West

Christianity & Islam

Ecclesiastical building dominates period

Little domestic survives

Early Christian

Refers to buildings, iconography related to Christianity

Begins in Roman Empire, 3rd-7th centuries

Christianity receives approval of Roman empire c. 323 C.E.

Christians adapt Roman secular structures to their liturgical needs

Create images & symbols to inspire & educate believers

Buildings & iconography define Western churches & religious structures for centuries following

Concepts

New religion, officially sanctified by Roman Empire

Needs appropriate settings & ceremonies

Avoid pagan implications of Roman temples

Adapt Late Imperial secular Roman buildings for preaching & processions

Christian imagery blends Roman traditions

Wall paintings, mosaics in churches

Backgrounds for worship, elevation & education of believers

Significant contributions: church buildings, furnishings & imagery

Motifs

Main symbols associated with Jesus Christ, founder & Christian Savior

Cross, main symbol; also fish, dove, lamb

Greek letters chi (X) and rho (P) form Christ’s monogram

Christ himself, shepherds, sheep (Christ the Good Shepherd)

Mary (Christ’s mother), the apostles, various saints, church rulers

7.1

Motifs: Top left: ceiling mosaic, S. Costanza, Rome, Italy; Bottom left: ceiling mosaic, S. Costanza, Rome, Italy; top right: apse mosaic, S.Giovanni en Laterano, Rome, Italy. Early Christian

Architecture

Building types: churches, baptisteries, mausoleums or tombs, memorial structures at sacred sites

Churches adapted from Roman basilicas

Retain nave, aisles, apse

Nave, aisles focus to altar in apse

Altar faces east Jerusalem, where Christ crucified; entrance opposite

Transept added for more space

Creates Latin cross plan, most common church plan

Central plans for baptisteries or mausoleums

Rich ornament & decoration have singular purpose of worshipping Christian God

7.2a

Old Basilica of S. Peter, reconstruction drawing and floor plan, c. 320-330 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Replaced by present basilica beginning in 1505. Early Christian.

7.2b

Old Basilica of S. Peter section view; c. 320-330 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Replaced by present basilica beginning in 1505. Early Christian.

7.3

S. Apollinare en Classe, c. 532-549 c.e.; Ravenna, Italy. Early Christian.

7.3b

S. Apollinare en Classe nave, c. 532-549 c.e.; Ravenna, Italy. Early Christian.

7.4a

S. Costanza and floor plan, c. 340 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Early Christian.

7.4b

S. Costanza, central altar area, c. 340 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Early Christian

Interiors

Wall decoration on unprecedented scale

Many wall surfaces to be decorated

Ornamented interiors contrast with plain exteriors

Symbolic of inner lives of Christians

Frescoes or mosaics blend classical types & precedents with divine persons; Jewish, Christian, & Roman traditions

Roman columns frequently reused for nave arcades

Triumphal arch frames apse

Paintings & mosaics cover nave walls, triumphal arch, apse, domes, vaults

Simple designs maximize legibility

7.6 (1 of 2)

Nave, S. Lorenzo Fuori le Mura (S. Lorenzo Outside the Walls), c. 378 c.e.; Rome, Italy, uses fragments (spolia) of Imperial Roman buildings. Early Christian.

7.6 (2 of 2)

S. Clemente nave, 11th and 12 centuries; Rome Italy, rebuilt closely following original form & reusing materials from the 4th-century basilica that burned in 1084. Early Christian.

Furnishings and Decorative Arts

Little original furniture survives

Pictorial examples in mosaics, paintings, illuminated manuscripts

Church furniture richly decorated

Carving, gilding, sometimes jewels

Secular furnishings--chairs & chests--follow Roman types

Often mix Christian & pagan symbols

7.8

S. Matthew from The Coronation Gospels, c. 800-810 c.e. Early Christian.

7.9

Sarcophagus; Ravenna, Italy. Early Christian.

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image1.jpeg

image6.jpg

image7.jpg

image8.jpg

image9.jpg

image10.jpg

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ch-10-PPTaccessible.pptx

Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present

First Edition

Chapter 10

Romanesque

8th Century – 1150 C.E.

If this PowerPoint presentation contains mathematical equations, you may need to check that your computer has the following installed:

1) Math Type Plugin

2) Math Player (free versions available)

3) NVDA Reader (free versions available)

Romanesque

International architectural style with regional variations

Name from similarity to ancient Roman buildings

Round arches, articulation of parts for unit

Older construction methods & forms

Respond to functional needs

Innovations carried further in Gothic

Primarily ecclesiastical buildings

Period of great religious zeal

Crusades, pilgrimage to Jerusalem; Rome; Santiago, Spain

Concepts

Religion important

Influences thinking about tradition, honor, chivalry, education, ceremony, family life

Shape & define social, cultural, & design progress

Period of turmoil, unrest

Unity, stability, sanctuary in Crusades, pilgrimage & other churches, monasteries

Churches along pilgrimage routes—multifunctional, safe havens for pilgrims

Motifs: round arch, corbel table, figures, animals, fantastic figures, foliage, heraldic devices, zigzags, geometric forms

Moldings: zigzag, star, billet, lozenge

10.1

Motifs and Ornament: Top left: wall painting, Orvieto Cathedral, Orvieto, Italy; bottom left: floor, Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy; top and bottom right: Norman Romanesque ornament

Architecture

Need for larger, structurally stable churches

Accommodate crowds of pilgrims, worshippers

Good light & acoustics, fire resistant

Masonry construction methods

Common architectural language, deliberate design approach

Symmetry order, unity, monumentality, solidity, articulation of parts, repeated modules

Round arches, piers, ribbed vaults, towers, buttresses, ambulatories, thick walls

Figural & non figural sculpture

Innovations: variations of piers, original capitals, triforium

10.2

Architectural Details and Moldings: Top left and right: moldings, 11th-12th centuries; bottom left: Portal, Wenlock Abbey, Shropshire England. Romanesque.

10.3

Portal: Église Sainte-Foy de Moriaàs, 1080; Moriaàs, France. Romanesque.

10.4

Capitals from various churches. Romanesque.

10.5a

S. Ambrogio and floor plan, c. 1080-1128; Milan, Italy; a significant example of the Lombard-Romanesque style.

Long Description:

The portico’s arcade is supported by pillars, flanked by semi columns.

10.5b

S. Ambrogio interior, c. 1080-1128; Milan, Italy; a significant example of Lombard-Romanesque. Romanesque.

Interiors

Repeat exterior characteristics--round arches, repeated modules

Other features—ribbed vaults, compound piers, triforium, thick walls, masonry ceiling

Elements create unity, order, individuality

Interiors more architectonic, less glittering than Early Christian & Byzantine

Sculpture outlines nave, transverse arches, windows, doors, capitals

Few domestic survive

Ceremony & rank shown in decoration

Textiles instead of woodwork or furniture

10.6

Nave, Durham Cathedral 1093-1133; Durham, England. Romanesque.

10.6b

Arches detail, Durham Cathedral, 1093-1133; Durham, England. Romanesque.

Long Description:

10.7

S. Madeleine nave and floor plan, c. 11-4-1132 and later; Vézelay, France. Romanesque.

Furnishing and Decorative Arts

Mostly church furnishing survive

Altars, canopies, shrines

Simple board construction

Nails or pegs boards together

Sophisticated construction methods (veneer) & decorative techniques (inlay) unknown

Common embellishment—turning, carving, painting in bright colors

Types: chairs (few), stools (mostly), storage, beds

10.10

Thrones. Romanesque.

image5.jpg

image1.jpeg

image6.jpg

image7.jpg

image8.jpg

image9.jpg

image10.jpg

image11.jpg

image12.jpg

image13.jpg

image14.jpg

image15.jpg

image16.jpg

image17.jpeg

image18.jpg

image19.jpg

image20.jpg

image21.jpg

image22.jpg

image23.jpg

image24.jpg

image25.png

image4.png

ch-07-PPTaccessible.pptx

Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present

First Edition

Chapter 7

Early Christian

3rd – 7th Centuries

If this PowerPoint presentation contains mathematical equations, you may need to check that your computer has the following installed:

1) Math Type Plugin

2) Math Player (free versions available)

3) NVDA Reader (free versions available)

D. Middle Ages

Period between Late Imperial Rome (c. 330 C.E.) & rebirth of classicism in Renaissance (c. 1400 C.E.)

Unsettled time, unifying Roman element gone

Invasions & conquests of Germanic tribes & Muslims

Unrest, political turmoil, religious conflicts, artistic disorder

Period of great religious emphasis in West

Christianity & Islam

Ecclesiastical building dominates period

Little domestic survives

Early Christian

Refers to buildings, iconography related to Christianity

Begins in Roman Empire, 3rd-7th centuries

Christianity receives approval of Roman empire c. 323 C.E.

Christians adapt Roman secular structures to their liturgical needs

Create images & symbols to inspire & educate believers

Buildings & iconography define Western churches & religious structures for centuries following

Concepts

New religion, officially sanctified by Roman Empire

Needs appropriate settings & ceremonies

Avoid pagan implications of Roman temples

Adapt Late Imperial secular Roman buildings for preaching & processions

Christian imagery blends Roman traditions

Wall paintings, mosaics in churches

Backgrounds for worship, elevation & education of believers

Significant contributions: church buildings, furnishings & imagery

Motifs

Main symbols associated with Jesus Christ, founder & Christian Savior

Cross, main symbol; also fish, dove, lamb

Greek letters chi (X) and rho (P) form Christ’s monogram

Christ himself, shepherds, sheep (Christ the Good Shepherd)

Mary (Christ’s mother), the apostles, various saints, church rulers

7.1

Motifs: Top left: ceiling mosaic, S. Costanza, Rome, Italy; Bottom left: ceiling mosaic, S. Costanza, Rome, Italy; top right: apse mosaic, S.Giovanni en Laterano, Rome, Italy. Early Christian

Architecture

Building types: churches, baptisteries, mausoleums or tombs, memorial structures at sacred sites

Churches adapted from Roman basilicas

Retain nave, aisles, apse

Nave, aisles focus to altar in apse

Altar faces east Jerusalem, where Christ crucified; entrance opposite

Transept added for more space

Creates Latin cross plan, most common church plan

Central plans for baptisteries or mausoleums

Rich ornament & decoration have singular purpose of worshipping Christian God

7.2a

Old Basilica of S. Peter, reconstruction drawing and floor plan, c. 320-330 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Replaced by present basilica beginning in 1505. Early Christian.

7.2b

Old Basilica of S. Peter section view; c. 320-330 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Replaced by present basilica beginning in 1505. Early Christian.

7.3

S. Apollinare en Classe, c. 532-549 c.e.; Ravenna, Italy. Early Christian.

7.3b

S. Apollinare en Classe nave, c. 532-549 c.e.; Ravenna, Italy. Early Christian.

7.4a

S. Costanza and floor plan, c. 340 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Early Christian.

7.4b

S. Costanza, central altar area, c. 340 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Early Christian

Interiors

Wall decoration on unprecedented scale

Many wall surfaces to be decorated

Ornamented interiors contrast with plain exteriors

Symbolic of inner lives of Christians

Frescoes or mosaics blend classical types & precedents with divine persons; Jewish, Christian, & Roman traditions

Roman columns frequently reused for nave arcades

Triumphal arch frames apse

Paintings & mosaics cover nave walls, triumphal arch, apse, domes, vaults

Simple designs maximize legibility

7.6 (1 of 2)

Nave, S. Lorenzo Fuori le Mura (S. Lorenzo Outside the Walls), c. 378 c.e.; Rome, Italy, uses fragments (spolia) of Imperial Roman buildings. Early Christian.

7.6 (2 of 2)

S. Clemente nave, 11th and 12 centuries; Rome Italy, rebuilt closely following original form & reusing materials from the 4th-century basilica that burned in 1084. Early Christian.