Mid term
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ch-08-PPTaccessible.pptxArchitecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present
First Edition
Chapter 8
Byzantine
330 – 1453 C.E.
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Byzantine
Maintains Roman culture & building traditions before & after fall of city of Rome, 476 C.E.
Originally Eastern Roman Empire
Emperor Constantine moves capital to Byzantium in 330 C.E. to escape Germanic tribes
Renames city Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey)
Prosperity ensures Christianity grows & new building of new structures
Long history of distinctive church architecture & classical scholarship
Orthodox Byzantine churches domed, centrally planned, distinctive mosaics
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Concepts
Continuation of Roman & Early Christian traditions
Blended with Near Eastern influences
Distinctive art & architecture
Reflects imperial, priestly Christ & saints heading theocratic society
Symbolism in form & ornament characteristic
Contributes to dazzling expression of Christian themes
Contrasts with simpler, more sober Early Christian
Motifs: images of Christ, Mary, the apostles, rulers, saints
Foliage, waves, geometric designs, guilloches, lozenges, rosettes, lions, eagles, lambs, elephants
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8.1
Motifs: Top left: decorative pattern; bottom left: floor mosaic, S. Vitale, Ravenna, Italy; top right: ceiling details, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey. Byzantine.
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Architecture
Early Byzantine (4th-8th centuries C.E.): continues Late Roman & Early Christian forms & volumetric spaces
Distinctive with building of Hagia Sophia in 6th century
Basilica or central plan
Middle Byzantine (7th-9th centuries C.E.): smaller churches, more exterior ornament
Greek cross, central domes
Late Byzantine (beginning 12 century): taller, narrower forms, more domes, more exterior ornament
Interiors relate to exteriors in ornament and pattern
Architectural innovations: pendentive, combined centralized & basilica plans, skilled use of light as mystical element
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8.2
Capitals: Top left: Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey; bottom left: S. Mark’s Basilica, Venice, Italy; top right: S. Mark’s Basilica, Venice, Italy. Byzantine.
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*8.3a
Hagia Sophia (Church of the Holy Wisdom of God), 532-537 C.E.; Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey; Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus and built by Emperor Justinian. Byzantine.
*Substitute Image
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8.3b
Hagia Sophia (Church of the Holy Wisdom of God) floor plan, 532-537 C.E.; Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey; Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus and built by Emperor Justinian. Byzantine.
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Long Description:
It shows the center circle labeled as a and semicircles on either side are labeled as b. Three semicircles surrounding the right b semicircle are all labeled as c. Two semicircles surrounding the left b semicircle are labeled as c. The label to the left of b is d and then is a vertical frame labeled as e. Next to this frame is a rectangular area divided into two parts. The bottom part is labeled as f and the sides on its left and bottom are labeled as g. The top part is blank and the side on its top is labeled as g. Frames on top and bottom of the center circle a are labeled as h.
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*8.3c
Hagia Sophia (Church of the Holy Wisdom of God) floor plan, 532-537 C.E.; Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey; Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus and built by Emperor Justinian. Byzantine.
*Substitute image
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8.3d
Hagia Sophia (Church of the Holy Wisdom of God) section view, 532-537 C.E.; Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey; Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus and built by Emperor Justinian. Byzantine.
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8.4a
Basilica of S. Vitale, 526-547 c.e.; Ravenna, Italy. Byzantine.
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8.4b
Basilica of S. Vitale floor plan, 526-547 C.E.; Ravenna, Italy. Byzantine.
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8.4c
Basilica of S. Vitale interior of apse and choir 526-547 C.E.; Ravenna, Italy. Byzantine.
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8.5a
S. Mark’s Basilica, begun 1063 from the designs of a Greek architect; Venice, Italy. Byzantine.
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8.5b
S. Mark’s Basilica floor plan and section view, begun 1063 from the designs of a Greek architect; Venice, Italy. Byzantine.
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Long Description:
The exterior dome has arches and cross signs.
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8.6
Later Interpretation: S. Basil Cathedral, 1555-1561; Moscow, Russia; built by Ivan the Terrible.
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Interiors
Churches opulent, formal, sumptuous
Surface decoration characteristic
Rich colors & materials
Floors, walls, ceilings
Paintings, mosaics, marble panels
Christian iconography with classical influences
Impression of great wealth & richness
Shimmering gold mosaics & natural light create otherworldly atmosphere
Few surviving secular interiors
Writings, illustrations show Late Roman forms & decoration
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8.7
Textiles: 10th-11th centuries. Byzantine,
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Furnishings and Decorative Arts
Little Byzantine furniture survives
Illustrated in manuscripts & mosaics
Chairs, tables often classical in form
Some draped with fabrics
Seating has cushions
Much surface decoration
Wood, marble, metal, ivory
Simple construction
Jewels, gold or silver inlay
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8.8
Left: Maximianus throne, c. 547 C.E. and throne from the gardens of the Peggy Guggenheim Museum; Venice, Italy. Byzantine.
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