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SPC1017Ch3VerbalAndNonverbalpart1.pptx

Essential Communication CH.3 Verbal and Nonverbal

SPC1017

Dr.Berberkic

How Words Work

Semantic Rules:

The dictionary definition of the word but meaning can change based on the context in which it is used. “There is a fly on the wall;” “I will fly to Dallas tomorrow;” “That girl is so fly;” or “The fly on your pants is open!” 

Syntactic Rules: The use of grammar, structure, and punctuation to help effectively convey our ideas. 

Pragmatic Rules:  Interpret messages by analyzing the interaction completely. We need to consider the words used, how they are stated, our relationship with the speaker, and the objectives of our communication. For instance, the words “I want to see you now” would mean different things if the speaker was your boss versus your lover. 

The Meanings

Denotative meaning: the dictionary definition.

Connotative meaning: a subjective definition of the word. The word might mean something different from what you meant.

“THAT’S SO COOL”

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Types of Language

Formal: language is official and academic language. Formal language uses full sentences and is grammatically correct. Formal language is more objective and more complex. 

Informal: Informal language is common, everyday language, which might include slang words. It is continuous and casual. We use informal language when we talk to other people. It is more simple. 

Jargon: specialized or technical language of a specific group or profession that may not be understood by outsiders (Murray, 2012).  (ex: business language)

Formal vs. Informal

Formal vs. Informal

Colloquialisms: are the use of informal words in communication (Trudgill, 2000). Colloquialism varies from region to region. Examples might be “wanna” instead of “want to” or “gonna” instead of “going to.” It shows us how a society uses language in their everyday lives.

Slang: refers to words that are employed by certain groups, such as young adults and teens (Mattiello, 2008). Slang is more common when speaking to others rather than written. Slang is often used with people who are similar and have experience with each other. 

Idioms: expressions or figures of speech whose meaning cannot be understood by looking at the individual words and interpreting them literally (Nunberg et al., 1994). Idioms can help amplify messages. Idioms can be used to provide artistic expression. For instance, “knowledge is power!”

Functions of Language

Instrumental and Regulatory Functions:

Instrumental functions use language to fulfill a need. (ex: Don’t text and drive=stated for safety reasons).

Regulatory functions of language are to influence the behaviors of others through requests, rules, or persuasion. These functions do not necessarily coincide with our needs. These might be advertisements that tell us to eat healthier or exercise more using specific products.

Interactional and Imaginative Functions:

Interactional functions of language are used to help maintain or develop the relationship. Interactional functions also help to alleviate the interaction. Examples might include “Thank you,” “Please,” or “I care about you.”

Imaginative functions of language help to create imaginary constructs and tell stories. This use of fantasy usually occurs in play or leisure activities. People who roleplay in video games will sometimes engage in imaginative functions to help their character be more effective and persuasive.

Personal Functions:

We have personal functions, or the use of language to help you form your identity or sense of self. Personal functions of language are used to express identity, feelings, and options.

Heuristic and Representational Functions:

The heuristic function of language is used to learn, discover, and explore. The heuristic function could include asking several questions during a lecture or adding commentary to a child’s behavior. Another example might be “What is that tractor doing?” or “why is the cat sleeping?”

Representational functions of language are used to request or relay information. These statements are straightforward. They do not seek an explanation. For instance, “my cat is asleep” or “the kitchen light isn’t working.”

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Cultural Functions:

Some words exist in other languages, but we do not have them in English. Sometimes language has special rooted characteristics or linguistic relativity.

Eskimo-Aleut language probably has 100s of different words that can describe snow.

In the Hopi Native American language there is no difference between nouns and verbs. (Tohidian, 2009).

Japanese language has no word for backyard as backyard space typically does not exist.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/17-words-with-no-english-equivalent

Sapir-Worf hypothesis (Whorf, 1956b):

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf created this hypothesis to help us understand cultural differences in language use. The theory suggests that language impacts perceptions by showing a culture’s worldview. The hypothesis is also seen as linguistic determinism, which is the perspective that language influences our thoughts.

Sapir-Whorf: Words shape our thoughts

Credit: https://scottmautz.com/issue-76-on-how-the-sapir-whorf-hypothesis-fuels-positivity-handling-tough-times-and-more/

Ways to overcome language barriers:

Credit: https://www.europarc.org/communication-skills/pdf/10%20Strategies%20for%20Overcoming%20Language%20Barriers.pdf

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