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AssignmentIII.docx
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ResearchMethodsPowerPoint-1.pptx
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Good morning, Please review below. Look up the definitions. Qualitative Research Mixed Methods Research Ethnographic Research Action Research Narrative Research Correlational Research Thank you!
AssignmentIII.docx
Assignment III The Role and Importance of Research and Research Definitions
Research Methods Definitions Without answers.rtf The Role and Importance of Research.docx
Your Assignments: I. Complete the research definitions found in your files. II. Review the PPT on Research Methods found in your files and complete the following assignment:
III. Today, more than ever, decisions are evidence based, and what researchers do is collect evidence that serves as a basis for informed decisions.
1. Give an example of how research is incremental in nature and what advantage this is to both future and past researchers?
2. Download 2. View the attached PPT and think of an example of how knowledge about a certain topic can lead to new questions about that, or a related, topic.
Upload all work for this assignment for grading. Write In your own words, I'll check for plagiarism.
ResearchMethodsPowerPoint-1.pptx
Research Methods
Basic Concepts and Methods
Basic Concepts and Terms
Definition of Research:
* A scientific way of answering questions and testing hypotheses
The systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observation
*may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories
*which results in prediction and possible control of events
Definition of Scientific Research
A systematic, controlled,
empirical, and critical
investigation of hypothetical
propositions about the
presumed relations among
observed phenomena
Key words:
systematic
controlled
empirical
Critical investigation
Hypothetical propositions
Presumed relations
Observed phenomena
Two Kinds of Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning:
Also Known as: Logic
*Thinking proceeds from general assumption to specific application
* General → Specific
Inductive Reasoning
Conclusions about events (general) are based on information generated through direct and individual observations (Specific).
*Specific → General
Deduction and Induction
Deduction:
Theory,
Hypothesis
Observation
Confirmation
*Theory
*Tentative Hypothesis
*Pattern,
*Observation,
*Induction
Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning
Deductive:
Every mammal has lungs. All Rabbits are mammals.
Therefore, every rabbit has lungs.
Inductive :
Every rabbit that has been observed has lungs.
Therefore, every rabbit has lungs.
The Research Methods Process
Theory vs. Hypothesis
Hypothesis:
A belief or prediction of the final outcome of the research
A concrete, specific statement about the relationship between phenomena
Based on deductive reasoning
Theory
A belief or assumption about how things relate to each other
A theory establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between variables
The purpose is to explain and predict phenomena
- Based on inductive reasoning
The Research Process In an Ideal World: Hypotheses ↓ Theories ↓ Laws
Empiricism: * Aquire information and facts through the observation of our world. Pragmatic observations: *Developing theory through experience and observation.
Types of Research or Research Classifications
System I: Basic research; Applied research
System II: Quantitative research; Qualitative research
System III: Experimental research; Non-experimental research
Research Classifications
1. Application of research study
Pure research
Applied research
2. Objectives in undertaking the research
Descriptive
Correlational
Explanatory
Exploratory
*3. Inquiry mode employed
*Structured approach
*Unstructured approach
Application of Research Study
When applying research; there are two broad categories:
Pure & Applied
* Pure Basic research:
Involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are:
intellectually challenging to the researcher,
but may or may not have practical application at the present, or in the future.
Knowledge produced through pure research is sought to add to the existing body of
research methods.
Application of Research Study con’t
Pure Basic Research:
Involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are intellectually challenging to the researcher
May or may not have practical application at the present time or in the future.
The knowledge produced through pure research is sought in order to add to the existing body of research methods.
Applied Research:
* Applied research is done to solve specific, practical questions;
* For policy formulation,
Administration and understanding of a phenomenon.
It can be exploratory, but is usually descriptive.
*It is almost always done on the basis of basic research.
Basic and Applied Research Con’t
Basic
-Pure, fundamental research
-Discovery of new knowledge; theoretical in nature
-Takes many years for the results of basic research to find some practicality. (to manifest)
Applied
-Central purpose to solve an immediate problem
-Improved products or processes
-Infers beyond the group or situation studied
-Interpretation of results relies upon basic research
Objectives of the Research
1. Descriptive
2. Correlational
3. Explanatory
Descriptive Research Methods
Descriptive studies are a means of
Discovering new meaning
Describing what exists
Determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information
Descriptive research deals with everything that can be counted and studied
It has an impact on the lives of the people it deals with.
For example:
*Finding the most frequent disease that affects the children in a community.
The reader of the research will know what to do to prevent that disease thus, more people will live a healthy life.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Descriptive Research
Advantages:
The people individually studied are unaware so they act naturally or as they usually do in everyday situation;
It is less expensive and time consuming than quantitative experiments
Collects a large amount of notes for detailed studying
It is used to describe; and not to make any conclusions
Disadvantages:
Descriptive research requires more skills.
Does not identify cause behind a phenomenon
Response rate is low
Research results can change over time periods.
Correlational Research
Refers to the systematic investigation of a statistical study of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect.
For example:
To test the hypothesis “listening to music lowers blood pressure levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research
1. Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to music and then compare to Bp levels
2. Survey – ask people how they feel? How often they listen? And then compare.
Correlational means simply to compare one variable with another.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Correlational Research
Advantages:
1. Can collect much information from many subjects at one time.
2. Can study a wide range of variables and their interrelations.
3. Study variables that are not easily produced in the laboratory
Disadvantages:
1. Correlation does not indicate causation (cause and effect).
2. Problems with self-report method.
* Explanatory Research
attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.
Exploratory research
explores an area where little is known or investigates possibilities of undertaking a particular research study
Can be called: (feasibility study/pilot study.)
Inquiry Mode Structured Approach & Unstructured Approach
Structured Approach:
The structured approach to inquiry is usually classified as Quantitative Research.
This includes everything that forms the research process:
objectives, *Design *Samples
And the questions you plan to ask of respondents – predetermined.
It is more appropriate to determine the extent of a problem, an issue, or a phenomenon by qualifying the variation.
Inquiry Mode Structured Approach & Unstructured Approach
Unstructured Approach:
The approach that’s usually classified as Qualitative Research.
Allows flexibility in all aspects of the research process.
It is more appropriate to explore the nature of a problem or issue, without quantifying it.
Main Objective is:
To describe the variation in a phenomenon, a situation, or an attitude.
In many studies you have to combine both qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Quantitative and Qualitative Research Con’t
Quantitative is:
- Numerical, measurable data
- Traditional or positivist approach
Which means its:
Clearly stated questions
Rational hypotheses
Developed research procedures
Extraneous variable controls
Large samples
Traditional, statistical analyses
-Qualitative is:
*- Generally non numerical data
*- typically anthropological and sociological research methods
*-Observations are in a “natural” setting
*- Descriptions are indepth
*- they are Interpretive and descriptive
Methodology: Qualitative →→→→ Qualitative→→→→Qualitative ↑ ↑ ↑ Data Collection Approach: Exploratory focus Survey Personal Interview group All are considered to be Qualitative Research.
