Child Physiology
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PCclassPSYC221_M3_PP.pptx
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CPmodule3StagesofDevelopment.docx
Stages of Development
After reading the module content, identify the different stages of human development, their growth rates, and defining characteristics.
Remember to review the academic expectations for your submission.
Submission Instructions:
· Submit your initial discussion post by 11:59 PM Eastern on Wednesday.
· Contribute a minimum of 250 words for your initial post. It should include at least 2 academic sources, formatted and cited in APA.
· Respond to at least two of your classmates' discussion posts by 11:59 PM Eastern on Sunday. Ask a question, and provide a different viewpoint.
PCclassPSYC221_M3_PP.pptx
Module 3
Postnatal Development and Its Characteristics
PSYC 221
Child Psychology
Covers the period from birth to death, distinguished by the following phases or periods:
Breastfeeding
Infancy
Early Childhood
Middle Childhood
Puberty
Adolescence
Adulthood
Old Age
Postnatal Development
Covers the period from birth to the first year.
Breast milk is the best and only food a mother can offer her child immediately after birth. It contains everything the baby needs during the first six months of life, promoting growth, maturation, and health—not only due to its nutritional content but also its emotional contribution. The emotional bond established between mother and baby is a unique, singular, and intense experience that connects the father and the family.
Breastfeeding
This is the stage of the life cycle where the foundations for human cognitive, emotional, and social development are established.
It covers the period from the start of the second year of life to the middle of the sixth year and can be divided into three subsections:
The age of language acquisition: From one year to two years and six months.The first age of obstinacy: Climbing stairs independently (from two years and six months to three years and six months).The age of serious play: Running more evenly, washing, and drying hands independently (from three years and six months to five years and six months).
Early Childhood
This stage serves as the gateway to the world. Here, the child has completed a "transition," reaching a reality that makes them more active in their interactions with the world.
They begin to be "protagonists" of their own destiny.
Their contributions are essential, and indeed, adults begin to identify and seek to enhance their profiles.
Middle Childhood
Spanning from five years and six months to ten years in girls and 12 years in boys, it is divided into three periods:
The age of the first configuration change: Five years and six months.
Middle childhood: From six years and six months to nine years.
Late childhood: From nine to ten years and six months in girls and from nine to 12 years in boys.
Middle Childhood
Cognitive Development: Children develop perception, memory, reasoning, etc.
Emotional Development: Transitioning from a family environment where they are the center of affection to another environment where they are one among many. They learn and develop a sense of duty, respect for others' rights, self-esteem, and self-worth.
Social Development: school expands social relationships, which significantly influence personality development.
Middle Childhood
Key Characteristics of This Stage:
Learning not to externalize everything; interiority emerges.
They are highly imitative, requiring good examples from their parents.
Children become more objective, capable of seeing reality as it is.
They develop firmer behavior regarding their emotional realities.
Middle Childhood
This is when the physical and sexual characteristics of a child mature and manifest due to hormonal changes.
It begins approximately with the first menstruation in girls, averaging at 13 years, and the first ejaculation in boys, around 14 years. Other changes include:
Girls: Breast and hip development.
Boys: Muscle growth, increased physical strength, broader shoulders, voice changes, and facial hair.
Puberty
Cognitive Development: They distinguish between reality and imagination, enabling them to imagine possibilities.
Emotional Development: Intense emotions and feelings, often disproportionate to their expression.
Social Development: Increasing emancipation from parents. They seek independence while also desiring parental protection, often resulting in mutual misunderstandings.
Sexual Development: A tendency toward separation between boys and girls. Strong curiosity about everything related to sexuality.
Puberty
This refers to the period between the onset of sexual maturation (puberty) and adulthood.
It is a time of psychological maturation, during which individuals begin to behave "like adults."
It occurs between the ages of 15 and 16 for girls and 16 and 17 for boys.
Cognitive development
Motivational development
Emotional development
Social development
Sexual development
Adolescence
Maturity leads to the most complete development of an individual's holistic capacities. Each stage possesses its unique maturity.
It spans from ages 25 to 60. During this period, the body reaches its final height, typically before age 30, and continues its development more slowly.
This stage develops adult intelligence and experience (more intuition than stereotypes). However, its beginning and end depend on many personal and environmental factors.
Maturity
At this stage of life, the individual typically reaches the peak of their biological and psychological development.
Their personality and character are relatively stable and assured, with all the individual differences that may occur in reality. Some adults exhibit a strong and confident personality, enabling effective behavior in their life endeavors; others possess a personality that is less stable or secure.
Finally, there are those who suffer from a poor and deficient personality, leading to ineffective behaviors.
Maturity
Begins at age 60 or older. Biological decline is characterized by:
A gradual reduction in sensory and motor abilities, as well as physical strength.
Increasing circulatory difficulties due to arterial hardening.
Progressive deterioration in the functioning of various internal organs.
Old Age
From a biological perspective, aging results from the accumulation of a wide variety of molecular and cellular damage over time, leading to a gradual decline in physical and mental capacities, an increased risk of disease, and eventually death.
These changes are neither linear nor uniform, and their connection to a person’s chronological age is rather relative. While some septuagenarians enjoy excellent health and function perfectly, others are frail and require considerable assistance.
Reference:
-Decade of Healthy Aging 2020–2030, World Health Organization (WHO)
Understanding Aging
In addition to biological changes, aging is also associated with other life transitions, such as retirement, relocation to more suitable housing, and the loss of friends and partners.
When developing a public health response to aging, it is essential to consider not only the factors that mitigate the losses associated with old age but also those that can strengthen recovery, adaptation, and psychosocial growth.
Reference:
-Decade of Healthy Aging 2020–2030, World Health Organization (WHO)
Understanding Aging
16
Review as many times as required the information contained in the module folder (includes this presentation).
Read the reference material to clarify any questions.
Carry out all the activities according to the instructions.
Submit assignments on the indicated date through the educational platform.
Congratulations you have reviewed the theoretical summary of this week's topic!
Actively participate in collaborative sessions.
Remember that to successfully build your learning it is important that:
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