assistance needed b

1. Define and describe the nature of stress.

2. Identify basic individual differences related to stress.

3. Identify and describe common causes of stress.

4. Discuss the central consequences of stress.

5. Describe various ways that stress can be managed.

6. Discuss work-life linkages and their relation to stress.

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Chapter Learning Objectives After studying this chapter you should be able to:

7–3

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

The Nature of Stress

• Stress Defined

–A person’s adaptive response to a stimulus that

places excessive psychological or physical demands

on that person

• The Stress Process (Selye)

–General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

• Identifies three stages of response to a stressor: alarm,

resistance, exhaustion

• Sources of stress:

–Eustress: pleasurable stress accompanying positive events

–Distress: unpleasant stress accompanying negative events

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FIGURE 7.1 The General Adaptation Syndrome

7–5

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Individual Differences and Stress

• Type A Personality Profile

–Extremely competitive, highly committed to work, have

a strong sense of time urgency

• Type B Personality Profile

–Less competitive, less committed to work, have a

weaker sense of time urgency

• Hardiness

–A person’s ability to cope with stress

• Optimism

–The extent to which a person sees life in relatively

positive or negative terms

7–6

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Causes and Consequences of Stress

• Most Common Causes of Stress

–Organizational stressors

–Life stressors

• Most Common Consequences of Stress

–Individual consequences

–Organizational consequences

–Burnout

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

FIGURE 7.2

Causes and

Consequences

of Stress

7–8

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Organizational Stressors: The Workplace

• Workplace Stress Factors

–Task Demands

• Associated with the specific job a person performs

–Physical Demands

• Associated with the job’s physical setting and requirements

–Role Demands

• Associated with the expected behaviors of a particular

position in a group or organization

–Interpersonal Demands

• Group pressures, leadership, personality conflicts

7–9

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Organizational Stressors: Role Demands

• Role

–A set of expected behaviors associated with a

particular position in a group or organization.

• Role Stress

–Role ambiguity due to unclear roles

–Role conflict due to:

• Interrole conflict

• Intrarole conflict

• Intersender conflict

–Role overload due to role expectations exceeding an

individual’s capabilities

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Table 7.1 Most and Least Stressful Jobs

Top Most Stressful Jobs Top Least Stressful Jobs

1. Surgeon 1. Actuary

2. Commercial airline pilot 2. Dietitian

3. Photojournalist 3. Computer systems analyst

4. Advertising account executive 4. Statistician

5. Real estate agent 5. Astronomer

6. Physician (general practice) 6. Mathematician

7. Reporter (newspaper) 7. Historian

8. Physician Assistant 8. Software engineer

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

FIGURE 7.3 Workload, Stress, and Performance

7–12

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

External Causes of Stress

• Life Stressors

–Events that take place outside the organization

• Life change

–Any meaningful change in a person’s personal or work situation

• Life trauma

–Any upheaval in an individual’s life that alters his or her attitudes, emotions or behaviors

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Table 7.2 Life Changes and Life Change Units

7–14

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Consequences of Stress

• Individual

Consequences

–Behavioral

–Psychological

–Medical

• Organizational

Consequences

–Performance

–Withdrawal

–Attitudes

–Burnout

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FIGURE 7.4 Individual and Organizational Coping Strategies

7–16

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Managing Stress in the Workplace:

Individual Coping Strategies

Exercise

Time

Management

Role

Management

Support

Groups

Relaxation

7–17

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Managing Stress in the Workplace (cont’d)

• Organizational Coping Strategies

–Institutional Programs

• Design of jobs and work schedules

• Fostering a healthy work culture

• Supervision

–Collateral Programs

• Organizational programs specifically created to help

employees deal with stress

– Stress management, health promotion, employee fitness programs, career development

7–18

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Work-Life Linkages

• Fundamental Work-Life Relationships

–Interrelationships between a person’s work life and

personal life

• Balancing Work-Life Linkages

–Importance of long-term versus

short-term perspectives

–Significance of evaluating tradeoffs between values

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

• After reading the chapter:

–Which stressors are typical of college students?

–Which of these sources of stress are bad for students?

Which are beneficial?

–Are student personality profiles different from

nonstudents? More Type A’s or Type B’s?

–What could your school do to help scholastically weak

students develop the hardiness to stay in school?

Organizational Behavior in Action