aging

There are four essay questions on this exam, and each is worth 2.5 pts for a total of 10pts. Please respond to each question by using information and ideas from the required course material from Modules 1-6 which cover the following topics and provide reference citations in your responses and a reference list at the end of the exam:

-Healthy Aging and Health Policy

- Clinical Preventive Services for Older Adults

- Health Behavior Change for Wellness

- An Integrative Approach to Promoting Wellness in Aging

- Fall Prevention in Aging

- Diet/Nutrition for Wellness in Aging

1. Please read and respond to the questions for the case study below (2.5 pts)

Marie is a 65-year-old retired accountant who was told by her physician a few months ago that she is at risk for heart disease and stroke. She has a family history of heart disease, has high blood pressure, and has high low-density lipoprotein (LDL or “bad”) cholesterol and low high-density lipoprotein (HD L or “good”) cholesterol. Marie’s mother died of a heart attack at age 70 and her father died of a stroke at age 76. Marie’s nurse practitioner recommended that she eat a low saturated fat, low sodium/salt diet and engage in at least moderate exercise for at least 150 minutes weekly to help.

Marie knows she is at risk for a stroke and heart attack and sees these as serious,potentially life-threatening conditions. She is considering what her physician mentioned to

her about making dietary and exercise changes. Also, her husband continues to eat the same foods and does not exercise exercise and Marie is concerned about this. Marie mentioned to her doctor that there is not a safe place for her to walk and that a gym is probably too expensive for her. Marie sees that aerobic and strength training exercise could help her to not only maintain her bone mass and muscle strength but also could reduce her risk for heart attack and stroke. Maria thinks that if she could walk with her husband or a friend or neighbor during the day, she would feel safe. She sees herself as able to walk about 3 miles or walk for about 1.5 hours and would enjoy this. Also, Maria likes to cook and try new recipes and thinks she can speak with her husband about changing their eating habits to be more heart healthy. She said this is important and that even if her husband does not want to change, he can make his own meals and she will make her own heart-healthy meals.

Questions

-What stage(s) of change may Marie be in and why? Explain and give specificexamples from the case study to support your ideas. What may help Marie move to the

next stage of change? Describe and give specific examples. Information on this can be found in the Health Behavior Change for Wellness PPT, Slides 3, 8-9, Gold, M. (2018).Stages of change. https://psychcentral.com/lib/stages-of-change/ and YouTube, Smith,N. (2013). Trans-theoretical model of behaviour change, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO80XyBDrl0

-Explain Marie’s motivation for health behavior change to reduce her risk of heart attack and stroke using the health belief model. Information on this can be found on the Health Behavior Change for Wellness PPT, Slides 3, 4-7 and Health Belief Model,

https://healthbeliefmodel.weebly.com/terms-and-key-points.html

2. Discuss the following (2.5 pts):

A. Trends in aging and health and implications for aging services and policy such as Medicare. Info on this can be found in the Healthy Aging and Health-Related Policy PPT, Slides 5-6, 10-16, and Haber, D. (2021). Health promotion and aging:practical applications for health professionals. 8th edition. Chapter 1: Introduction(pp. 6-22, 25-37).

B. Leading causes of death among older adults and implications for aging services and policy (e.g. Medicare) (Info on this can be found in the Healthy Aging and Health-Related Policy PPT, Slide 7 and Haber, D. (2021). Health promotion and aging: practical applications for health professionals. 8th edition. Chapter 1 Introduction (pp. 6-22, 25-37).

C. What social determinants of aging? How may at least three (3) of these affect how we age?

in Aging PPT, Slide 4, and Dinescu, A. & Kogan, M. (2018). Falls. In M.Kogan (Ed). Integrative geriatric medicine, pp. 480-486).

B. What are common risk factors for falls? (Information on this can be found in the Fall Prevention in Aging PPT, Slides 5-9 and Dinescu, A. & Kogan, M. (2018). Falls. In M. Kogan (Ed). Integrative geriatric medicine, pp. 480-486).

C. How can falls be prevented and treated? Information on this can be found in the Fall Prevention in Aging PPT, Slides 10-11 and Dinescu, A. & Kogan, M. (2018). Falls.In M. Kogan (Ed). Integrative geriatric medicine, pp. 480-486.

4. Please discuss the following: (See Module 2 PPT, Slides 3-5, 11-12, 15-19 23-26;Haber, D. (2021). Health promotion and aging: practical applications for health professionals. 8th edition, pp. pp.41-53, 58-71).

A. What are medical screenings? What is meant by the terms, “accuracy”,“sensitivity”, “reliability” and “effectiveness” of medical screenings?

B. Describe colorectal cancer screening, its importance, what constitutes normal and abnormal findings, and how often it is usually done with older adults.

C. Describe blood pressure screening, its importance, what constitutes normal blood pressure and high blood pressure, and how often it is usually done with older adults.

.D. Describe cholesterol screening, its importance, recommendations regarding cholesterol levels, and cholesterol guidelines with statin recommendations