Ayy programyy dependsyy onyy datayy toyy beyy properlyyy storedyy andyy handled.yy Theyy
datayy storageyy formatyy selectedyy mustyy beyy appropriateyy foryy whatyy theyy programyy
intendsyy toyy do.yy Datayy canyy beyy storedyy asyy ayy fileyy oryy ayy databaseyy -yy object-
oriented,yy relational,yy multidimensional.yy Theyy selectedyy datayy storageyy formatyy needsyy
toyy consideryy processingyy efficiencyyy toyy makeyy theyy programyy asyy fastyy asyy
possibleyy whileyy maintainingyy reliability,yy security,yy andyy availability.yy Ayy relationalyy
databaseyy isyy theyy mostyy usedyy database.yy Ayy relationalyy databaseyy isyy ayy collectionyy
ofyy tables,yy whichyy eachyy containsyy ayy primaryyy key,yy thatyy canyy beyy relatedyy toyy
eachyy otheryy usingyy theyy primaryyy keyyy toyy tieyy themyy together.yy Relationalyy
databasesyy allowyy foryy referentialyy integrityyy whichyy allowsyy theyy databaseyy toyy
ensureyy thatyy theyy informationyy isyy valid.yy Structuredyy Queryyy Languageyy (SQL)yy
isyy theyy standardyy languageyy foryy accessyy theyy data.yy
NoSQLyy databasesyy doyy notyy useyy theyy relationalyy modelyy oryy SQL.yy Theseyy canyy
includeyy document-orientedyy databases,yy wideyy columnyy stores,yy andyy graphyy
databases.yy Theseyy databasesyy supportyy highyy transactionyy ratesyy andyy canyy storeyy
audio,yy video,yy andyy imageyy filesyy whichyy doyy notyy fityy wellyy intoyy ayy relationalyy
structure.yy System,yy languageyy andyy databasesyy areyy veryyy importantyy whenyy puttingyy
togetheryy informationyy systems.yy Theyy datayy baseyy isyy goingyy toyy beyy whereyy allyy
theyy informationyy thatyy theyy codeyy isyy creatingyy isyy goingyy toyy beyy storedyy in.yy
Theyy languageyy isyy goingyy toyy beyy whatyy combinationyy ofyy charactersyy areyy usedyy
inyy orderyy toyy retrieveyy theyy information.yy Haveyy ayy goodyy understandingyy ofyy
databasesyy isyy goodyy foryy beingyy ableyy toyy troubleshootyy errorsyy ofyy food,yy andyy
theyy properyy wayyy ofyy maneuveringyy aroundyy effectively.yy Programyy designyy andyy
datayy storageyy designyy workyy handyy inyy handyy toyy ensureyy efficientyy andyy effectiveyy
systemyy development.yy Programyy designyy canyy beyy understoodyy asyy theyy blueprintyy
foryy ayy softwareyy applicationyy responsibleyy foryy thingsyy suchyy asyy functionalities,yy
algorithmsyy andyy interactions.yy Datayy designyy isyy responsibleyy foryy theyy organizationyy
andyy storageyy neededyy fromyy theyy software.yy Accessingyy informationyy isyy importantyy
andyy programyy designyy hasyy toyy workyy aroundyy datayy storageyy designyy toyy makeyy
sureyy accessingyy informationyy isyy quick.yy Programyy designyy propelsyy datayy storageyy
design.yy Theyy designyy ofyy theyy programyy willyy decideyy theyy typesyy ofyy datayy toyy
beyy stored,yy theiryy relationships,yy andyy accessyy patterns.yy Thisyy willyy alsoyy swayyy
theyy datayy storageyy designyy decisionsyy likeyy theyy choiceyy ofyy databaseyy model.yy
Onyy theyy otheryy handyy datayy storageyy designyy determinesyy programyy design.yy Theyy
chosenyy datayy storageyy designyy affectsyy theyy programyy designyy inyy termsyy ofyy datayy
retrieval,yy manipulation,yy andyy storageyy operations.yy Theyy programyy hasyy toyy beyy
compatibleyy withyy theyy chosenyy datayy storageyy solutionyy efficiently.Whenyy comparingyy
twoyy typesyy ofyy databasesyy Iyy thinkyy ityy isyy ayy goodyy ideayy toyy consideryy relationalyy
databasesyy (SQL)yy andyy NoSQLyy databases.yy Relationalyy databasesyy useyy ayy
structuredyy schemayy toyy organizeyy datayy intoyy tablesyy withyy predefinedyy relationships.yy
Theyyy provideyy efficientyy datayy consistencyyy andyy supportyy powerfulyy queryingyy
capabilitiesyy throughyy SQL.yy Relationalyy databasesyy areyy suitableyy foryy applicationsyy
withyy well-definedyy schema.yy Anyy examplesyy wouldyy beyy banks.yy NoSQLyy databasesyy
areyy designedyy foryy handlingyy largeyy volumesyy ofyy unstructured/semi-structuredyy data.yy
Theyyy offeryy flexibleyy schemasyy andyy horizontalyy scalability.yy NoSQLyy databasesyy
comeyy inyy differentyy typesyy suchyy asyy key-valueyy storesyy (Redis),yy documentyy
databasesyy (MongoDB),yy etc.yy NoSQLyy databasesyy areyy commonlyyy usedyy inyy
applicationsyy requiringyy highyy performance,yy scalability,yy andyy real-timeyy datayy
processing,yy suchyy asyy Instagram.yy Toyy begin,yy programyy designyy andyy datayy storageyy
designyy areyy closelyyy relatedyy andyy dependentyy onyy eachyy other.yy Programyy designyy
determinesyy theyy structureyy andyy functionalityyy ofyy theyy software,yy whileyy datayy
storageyy designyy determinesyy howyy theyy datayy isyy organizedyy andyy storedyy withinyy
theyy software.yy Theyy datayy storageyy designyy willyy dependyy onyy theyy programyy
designyy dueyy toyy theyy factyy thatyy theyy designyy ofyy theyy programyy willyy affectyy
itsyy size,yy accessibilityyy andyy changeyy howyy theyy datayy isyy keptyy inyy theyy program.yy
Becauseyy ofyy thisyy theyy datayy storageyy willyy beyy significantlyyy impactedyy byyy theyy
architectureyy ofyy theyy project.yy Theyy twoyy typesyy ofyy databasesyy Iyy willyy beyy
gettingyy intoyy areyy single-fileyy oryy fileyy database.
yy andyy multi-fileyy oryy structuredyy database.yy Single-fileyy databaseyy cross-platformyy
andyy canyy beyy accessedyy onyy anyyy machine.yy Youyy wouldyy useyy fileyy databasesyy
inyy theyy eventyy ofyy storingyy theyy usernameyy andyy password,yy entitiesyy andyy
attributes,yy contactyy detailsyy andyy productyy details.yy Youyy wouldyy useyy ayy structuredyy
databaseyy inyy scenariosyy whereyy thereyy isyy needyy toyy storeyy theyy knownyy structuredyy
datayy whichyy possesyy ayy finiteyy individualyy oryy ayy finiteyy applicationyy thatyy areyy
accessingyy theyy database.yy
Programyy designyy andyy datayy storageyy designyy areyy closelyyy interrelatedyy inyy theyy
contextyy ofyy databaseyy systems.yy Programyy designyy involvesyy designingyy theyy
softwareyy applicationsyy thatyy interactyy withyy theyy database,yy whileyy datayy storageyy
designyy focusesyy onyy designingyy theyy underlyingyy structuresyy andyy mechanismsyy foryy
storingyy andyy retrievingyy datayy efficiently.yy Theyy relationshipyy andyy dependenciesyy
betweenyy theyy twoyy canyy beyy summarizedyy asyy follows:
1. Datayy Accessyy andyy Manipulation:yy Programyy designyy heavilyyy dependsyy onyy
theyy datayy storageyy designyy toyy efficientlyyy accessyy andyy manipulateyy data.yy
Theyy structureyy andyy organizationyy ofyy theyy databaseyy affectyy theyy designyy
ofyy theyy program'syy queries,yy transactions,yy andyy datayy manipulationyy
operations.
2. Performance:yy Theyy programyy designyy andyy datayy storageyy designyy impactyy
theyy performanceyy ofyy theyy system.yy Theyy efficiencyyy ofyy theyy datayy storageyy
design,yy suchyy asyy indexingyy strategies,yy partitioning,yy andyy cachingyy
mechanisms,yy canyy influenceyy theyy performanceyy ofyy programyy operationsyy
thatyy relyyy onyy datayy retrievalyy andyy updates.
3. Datayy Integrityyy andyy Constraints:yy Programyy designyy andyy datayy storageyy
designyy collaborateyy toyy enforceyy datayy integrityyy andyy constraints.yy Theyy
programyy designyy definesyy theyy logicyy andyy rulesyy foryy datayy validationyy
andyy enforcement,yy whileyy theyy datayy storageyy designyy implementsyy
mechanismsyy likeyy primaryyy keys,yy foreignyy keys,yy andyy constraintsyy toyy
ensureyy consistencyyy andyy integrity.
4. Scalability:yy Programyy designyy andyy datayy storageyy designyy playyy ayy vitalyy
roleyy inyy achievingyy scalability.yy Theyy programyy designyy shouldyy beyy scalableyy
toyy handleyy increasedyy useryy loadyy andyy changingyy requirements,yy whileyy theyy
datayy storageyy designyy shouldyy supportyy efficientyy datayy distribution,yy
replication,yy andyy partitioningyy toyy scaleyy horizontallyyy oryy vertically.
Nowyy let'syy compareyy andyy contrastyy twoyy typesyy ofyy databases:yy relationalyy
databasesyy andyy NoSQLyy databases.
1. Relationalyy Databases:
2. Relationalyy databasesyy storeyy datayy inyy structuredyy tablesyy withyy predefinedyy
schemas.yy Theyyy useyy SQLyy (Structuredyy Queryyy Language)yy foryy queryingyy
andyy manipulatingyy data.yy Relationalyy databasesyy areyy knownyy foryy theiryy
strongyy datayy consistency,yy ACIDyy (Atomicity,yy Consistency,yy Isolation,yy
Durability)yy properties,yy andyy supportyy foryy complexyy relationshipsyy betweenyy
entities.yy Theyyy areyy suitableyy foryy applicationsyy thatyy requireyy datayy integrity,yy
transactionalyy consistency,yy andyy complexyy queries.yy Examplesyy ofyy useyy
casesyy include:
• Bankingyy systems:yy Relationalyy databasesyy ensureyy theyy accuracyyy andyy
consistencyyy ofyy financialyy transactions,yy enforceyy constraints,yy andyy supportyy
complexyy queriesyy foryy generatingyy reportsyy andyy analytics.
• Enterpriseyy resourceyy planningyy (ERP)yy systems:yy Relationalyy databasesyy
provideyy ayy structuredyy approachyy toyy manageyy variousyy businessyy processes,yy
suchyy asyy inventory,yy sales,yy andyy humanyy resources.
1. NoSQLyy Databases:
2. NoSQLyy databasesyy areyy designedyy toyy handleyy unstructuredyy andyy semi-
structuredyy data.yy Theyyy offeryy flexibleyy schemas,yy horizontalyy scalability,yy
andyy highyy availability.yy NoSQLyy databasesyy doyy notyy relyyy onyy fixedyy tableyy
structuresyy andyy supportyy variousyy datayy modelsyy likeyy key-value,yy document,yy
columnar,yy andyy graph.yy Theyyy areyy suitableyy foryy applicationsyy thatyy requireyy
massiveyy scalability,yy highyy writeyy throughput,yy andyy schemayy flexibility.yy
Examplesyy ofyy useyy casesyy include:
• Socialyy mediayy platforms:yy NoSQLyy databasesyy canyy handleyy highyy volumesyy
ofyy user-generatedyy data,yy suchyy asyy posts,yy comments,yy andyy likes,yy withyy
ease.yy Theyyy provideyy horizontalyy scalabilityyy toyy accommodateyy millionsyy ofyy
users.
• Internetyy ofyy Thingsyy (IoT)yy applications:yy NoSQLyy databasesyy canyy handleyy
diverseyy andyy unstructuredyy datayy generatedyy byyy IoTyy devices,yy suchyy asyy
sensoryy readings,yy logs,yy andyy geospatialyy data,yy efficiently.
Inyy summary,yy theyy choiceyy betweenyy relationalyy andyy NoSQLyy databasesyy dependsyy
onyy factorsyy suchyy asyy datayy structure,yy consistencyyy requirements,yy scalabilityyy
needs,yy andyy theyy natureyy ofyy theyy application.yy Relationalyy databasesyy areyy well-
suitedyy foryy structuredyy datayy andyy applicationsyy thatyy requireyy datayy integrityyy andyy
complexyy queries.yy NoSQLyy databasesyy excelyy inyy handlingyy unstructuredyy datayy
andyy providingyy horizontalyy scalabilityyy foryy applicationsyy withyy highyy volumesyy ofyy
datayy andyy varyingyy schemas.
Relationshipsyy andyy conditionsyy areyy howyy ayy componentyy usesyy oryy dependsyy onyy
otheryy components.
Levelyy 2yy -yy Relationshipsyy andyy dependenciesyy betweenyy programyy andyy informationyy
storageyy design
Informationyy storageyy configurationyy isyy basedyy onyy theyy programyy schedule.yy Thisyy
isyy especiallyyy evidentyy inyy theyy wayyy programyy organizationyy affectsyy theyy sizeyy
andyy howyy ityy isyy achieved,yy andyy thusyy howyy informationyy storageyy isyy performedyy
inyy theyy program.yy Informationyy storageyy isyy thereforeyy heavilyyy influencedyy byyy
programyy planning.
Differentyy informationyy storesyy areyy createdyy foryy eachyy exceptionalyy pieceyy ofyy
primaryyy information.yy Thisyy showsyy thatyy ityy isyy possibleyy toyy adjustyy theyy
program'syy programmingyy schedule.yy Oneyy modelyy isyy theyy differentyy informationyy
storageyy ofyy DASyy andyy NAS,yy leadingyy toyy contrastingyy programyy plans.
typesyy ofyy informationyy bases
Thereyy areyy twoyy typesyy ofyy informationyy databasesyy -
1)yy Singleyy recordyy oryy documentyy informationyy databaseyy -
Recordsyy ofyy thisyy typeyy areyy useryy namesyy andyy secretyy phrases,yy itemsyy andyy
properties,yy contactyy details,yy andyy whenyy deletingyy itemyy detailsyy usedyy for
2)yy Multi-Recordyy oryy Structuredyy Recordyy -
Thisyy typeyy ofyy recordyy isyy usedyy inyy situationsyy whereyy ityy isyy necessaryyy toyy
storeyy organizedyy informationyy thatyy isyy expectedyy toyy beyy reachedyy byyy ayy limitedyy
numberyy ofyy peopleyy oryy applications.
Databasesyy andyy datayy storageyy areyy anyy integralyy partyy ofyy systemsyy development,yy
decidingyy onyy whichyy databaseyy andyy datayy formatyy toyy useyy willyy dictateyy howyy
efficientlyyy theyy systemyy willyy operate.yy Ityy isyy importantyy toyy chooseyy theyy correctyy
databaseyy whenyy designingyy theyy system,yy oryy theyy useryy experienceyy mightyy beyy
diminishedyy andyy theyy systemyy willyy beyy ayy failure.yy Relationalyy databasesyy areyy
theyy wellyy knownyy andyy structuredyy queryyy language,yy oryy SQL,yy isyy usedyy toyy
accessyy theyy datayy stored.yy Otheryy typesyy ofyy databasesyy include,yy legacyyy database,yy
object-orientedyy database,yy andyy NoSQLyy database,yy justyy toyy nameyy ayy few.yy Theyyy
eachyy areyy usedyy inyy ayy scenarioyy toyy maximizeyy theyy efficiencyyy ofyy howyy theyy
datayy isyy accessed,yy andyy eachyy hasyy disadvantagesyy andyy advantages,yy thatyy shouldyy
beyy takenyy intoyy consideration.yy Foryy example,yy object-orientedyy isyy bestyy usedyy
whenyy supportingyy audioyy andyy videoyy datayy types.yy Netflixyy andyy otheryy overyy
theyy topyy streamingyy servicesyy canyy utilizeyy thisyy typeyy ofyy database,yy sinceyy theiryy
systemsyy encompassyy complexyy audioyy andyy videoyy andyy manyyy ofyy themyy useyy
object-orientedyy programming.yy However,yy theseyy typeyy ofyy databasesyy canyy costyy
muchyy moreyy thanyy otheryy typesyy ofyy databases,yy andyy theyyy areyy notyy widelyyy
accepted.yy NoSQLyy databasesyy areyy usedyy withyy bigyy data.yy Manyyy companiesyy
utilizeyy thisyy bigyy datayy inyy orderyy toyy compileyy datayy soyy thatyy theyyy canyy useyy
thatyy datayy foryy marketingyy andyy otheryy research.yy Groceryyy storeyy bonusyy programsyy
enticeyy peopleyy toyy signyy upyy foryy theiryy programs,yy soyy thatyy theyyy canyy collectyy
datayy fromyy theyy consumersyy soyy thatyy theyyy canyy trackyy shoppingyy data.yy Ityy isyy
importantyy toyy readyy privacyyy policiesyy inyy orderyy toyy knowyy howyy companiesyy
useyy theyy datayy thatyy weyy giveyy themyy accessyy to.yy Programyy designyy andyy datayy
storageyy designyy areyy notyy unlikeyy symbioticyy lifeforms;yy asyy theyyy needyy eachyy
otheryy toyy work.yy Theyy programyy designyy phaseyy directlyyy affectsyy theyy datayy
storageyy designyy andyy viceyy versayy becauseyy ofyy theyy wayyy it'llyy allyy workyy inyy
theyy end.yy Youryy end-usersyy willyy useyy theyy programyy toyy accessyy andyy manipulateyy
theyy datayy [storage]yy whenyy theyy projectyy isyy completed,yy soyy ityy isyy essentialyy
theseyy twoyy designyy phasesyy areyy coordinated.yy Theyy typeyy ofyy datayy storageyy
designyy willyy dependyy greatlyyy onyy theyy typeyy ofyy programyy beingyy developedyy
andyy foryy whatyy industry/projectyy it'syy beingyy developedyy for.yy Relationalyy databasesyy
areyy mostyy commonyy withyy theiryy managementyy systemsyy beingyy termsyy we'veyy
heardyy likeyy SQL.yy Theyyy tendyy toyy beyy usedyy foryy ayy lotyy ofyy bankingyy andyy
generalyy businessyy managementyy systems.yy Thereyy areyy otheryy typesyy ofyy databasesyy
thatyy areyy notyy relationalyy suchyy asyy NoSQLyy asyy well,yy theseyy generallyyy areyy
utilizedyy inyy systemsyy thatyy dealyy withyy ayy largeyy volumeyy ofyy unstructuredyy datayy
andyy haveyy faryy moreyy flexibility.yy Theseyy tendyy toyy alsoyy beyy ayy lotyy moreyy
scalableyy inyy designyy andyy workyy wellyy inyy cloudyy computing.yy Programyy designyy
andyy Datayy designyy workyy closelyyy togetheryy andyy needyy eachyy otheryy withyy theyy
developmentyy ofyy systems.yy Theyy logicalyy designyy ofyy theyy programyy canyy directlyyy
influenceyy theyy designyy ofyy datayy storage.yy Datayy storageyy designyy providesyy theyy
necessaryyy infrastructureyy componentsyy toyy storeyy andyy retrieveyy datayy requiredyy byyy
theyy program.yy Ityy ensuresyy thatyy theyy datayy isyy organizedyy andyy accessibleyy basedyy
onyy theyy programsyy needs.yy Theyy dependenciesyy andyy requirementsyy ofyy theyy
programyy canyy alsoyy influenceyy theyy designyy ofyy theyy datayy storage.yy Ayy relationalyy
databaseyy organizesyy datayy intoyy tables.yy Theyyy useyy ayy structuredyy queryyy languageyy
(SQL)yy foryy manipulatingyy andyy queryingyy data.yy Theyyy establishyy relationshipsyy
betweenyy tablesyy usingyy keys.yy Thesyy areyy databasesyy areyy foryy exampleyy Myyy Sqlyy
andyy Orale.yy Noyy SQLyy databasesyy oryy Nonyy -relationalyy databasesyy areyy designedyy
toyy handleyy largeyy volumesyy ofyy unstructuredyy data.yy Theyyy haveyy flexibleyy schemayy
designsyy allowingyy foryy scalableyy storageyy andyy oftenyy usedyy inyy cloudyy computingyy
environments.yy yy Programyy designyy andyy datayy storageyy designyy isyy ayy bigyy partyy
ofyy theyy designyy phaseyy inyy theyy SDLCyy lifeyy cycle.yy Theyy programyy designyy isyy
theyy layoutyy ofyy theyy programyy beforeyy ityy isyy actuallyyy codedyy inyy ayy chosenyy
codingyy language.yy Ifyy doneyy correctlyyy it'llyy makeyy theyy lifeyy ofyy theyy programyy
longer.yy Theyy datayy storageyy designyy establishesyy theyy datayy storageyy format.yy Ityy
showsyy howyy datayy isyy managedyy andyy stored.yy Multimediayy databaseyy isyy ayy datayy
baseyy thatyy storesyy multimediayy suchyy asyy audio,yy videos,yy andyy images.yy Thisyy
databaseyy canyy beyy usedyy inyy manyyy things.yy Youyy canyy useyy ityy inyy creatingyy ayy
webpage.yy Althoughyy thereyy mayyy beyy Iyy haveyy notyy seenyy anyyy websitesyy withoutyy
images.yy Youyy couldyy alsoyy useyy themyy inyy videoyy gamesyy whichyy containsyy allyy
audio,yy video,yy andyy images.yy Anotheryy databaseyy isyy theyy NoSQLyy database.yy Thisyy
databaseyy isyy foryy storingyy andyy retrievingyy data.yy NoSQLyy databasesyy areyy typicallyyy
fasteryy whenyy storingyy andyy retrievingyy informationyy andyy areyy consideredyy moreyy
flexible.yy Whatyy Iyy wouldyy useyy thisyy databaseyy foryy isyy customeryy tracking,yy
onlineyy shopping,yy andyy bigyy data.yy Iyy can'tyy coveryy allyy ofyy whatyy theseyy twoyy
databasesyy canyy doyy oryy areyy capableyy ofyy butyy that'syy theyy basics.yy Programyy
Designyy modelsyy explainsyy howyy youryy organizationyy definesyy
• Valueyy proposition:yy howyy youryy organizationyy distinguishesyy itselfyy fromyy
theyy competitionyy yy
• Productsyy andyy services:yy whatyy youryy organizationyy offers,yy howyy thoseyy
offeringsyy work,yy andyy whyyy youryy prospectsyy needyy them
• Impact:yy theyy measurableyy changeyy youryy organizationyy expectsyy toyy makeyy
yy yy
• Partnersyy andyy customers:yy whoyy youryy organizationyy seeksyy toyy collaborateyy
withyy andyy serveyy yy
• Talent:yy whoyy andyy howyy youryy organizationyy recruitsyy teamyy membersyy
• Resources:yy theyy toolsyy andyy connectionsyy youryy organizationyy needsyy toyy
succeedyy andyy howyy youyy willyy acquireyy andyy maintainyy themyy
• Revenue:yy howyy youryy organizationyy willyy financiallyyy sustainyy andyy growyy
itsyy effortsyy
Datayy storageyy Designyy isyy howyy datayy storageyy andyy handlingyy byyy programsyy
runningyy theyy systemyy takesyy place.yy
Theyy mainyy stepsyy ofyy datayy storageyy designyy areyy to:
• Selectyy theyy datayy storageyy format
• Convertyy theyy previouslyyy madeyy logicalyy datayy modelyy intoyy ayy physicalyy
datayy model
• Ensureyy thatyy theyy ERDsyy andyy DFDsyy balance
• Designyy theyy selectedyy datayy storageyy formatyy toyy optimizeyy itsyy processingyy
efficiency
Programyy andyy designyy workyy togetheryy whenyy gatheringyy