Running_aa Head:_aa IT_aa 659_aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa a_aa aa_a aa_aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a aa_aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_ _aa aa_a aa_aa aa_aa
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IT-659_aa –_aa CyberLaw_aa &_aa Ethics_a
Module_aa one-_aa Introduction
IT_aa 659_aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa aa_a aa_aa aa_a aa_aa aa_ aa_aa aa_a
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Introduction
In_aa the_ technology-driven_aa times,_aa the_aa role _aa and_aa relevance_aa of _aa the_aa
cyber_aa laws_aa have_aa intensified_aa due_aa to_aa the_aa rise_aa in_aa the_aa number_aa of_aa
criminal_aa activities_aa that_ are_aa taking _aa place_aa in _aa the _aa cyberspace._aa Every_aa
year,_aa cyber_aa attackers_aa and_aa cyber_aa hackers_aa are_aa using_aa innovative_aa
approaches_aa in_aa order_aa to_aa take_aa advantage_aa of_aa the_aa vulnerabilities_aa and_aa
weaknesses_aa of_aa individuals_aa and_aa business_aa organizations_aa and_aa are_aa thus_aa
compromising_aa the_aa confidential_aa information_aa that_aa is_aa saved_aa on_aa the_aa cyber_aa
platform._aa
In_aa the_aa present_aa times,_aa the_aa cyber_aa laws_aa have_aa become_aa an_aa integral_aa
part_aa of_aa the_aa Information_aa Technology_aa environment_aa and_aa their_aa impact_aa can_aa
be_aa felt_aa on_aa the_a business_aa activities,_ e-commerce_aa businesses,_aa or_a the_aa e-
communication_aa industries_aa (Kamble,_aa 2013,_aa p_aa 1)._ The_aa cyber _aa law_aa
principles_aa and_aa concepts_ are_aa applicable_ in_aa almost_a every_aa aspect_aa that_aa is_a
conducted_aa on_aa the_aa virtual_aa platform_aa and_aa involves_aa the_aa use_aa of_ the _aa
internet._aa
The_aa e-commerce_aa activities_aa involve_aa the_aa transactions_aa relating_aa to_aa
money_aa and_aa thus_aa there_aa are_aa high_aa instances_aa of_aa the_aa criminal_ activities_aa
and_aa illegal_aa practices_aa that_aa take_aa place_aa relating_aa to_aa these_aa online_ business_aa
activities_aa (Kumawat,_a 2016)._aa The_a threat _ associated_ with _aa the _aa cybercrime_aa
is_aa increasing_aa the_ vulnerability_aa of_aa the_aa online_aa business_aa activities_aa and_aa
keeping_aa the_aa e-retailers_aa on_aa their_aa toes_aa so_aa that_aa they_aa can_aa safeguard_aa
themselves,_aa their_aa customers_aa and_aa other_aa stakeholders_aa from_aa the_aa attacks_aa of_aa
the_aa cyber_aa criminals._aa A_aa number_aa of_aa cyber_aa laws_aa have_aa come_aa into_aa
existence_aa so_aa that_aa the_aa power_aa in_aa the_aa hands_aa of_aa the_aa hackers_aa can_aa be_aa
IT_aa 659_aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa aa_a aa_aa aa_a aa_aa aa_ aa_aa aa_a
_aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a aa_aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa
_aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a aa_aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa aa_aa aa_aa _aa
_aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a aa_aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa
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restricted_aa and_aa the_aa online_aa participants_aa can_aa feel_aa empowered_aa by_aa working_aa
in_aa a_aa safe_aa online_aa setting_a (Kumawat,_aa 2016)._aa
_aa A _aa number _aa of _aa cyber _aa laws _aa and _ regulations _aa have _aa been _aa
introduced_aa so_aa that_aa the_aa reliance_aa and_aa authenticity_aa of_aa the_aa electronic_aa
activities_aa and_aa online_aa transactions_aa can_aa be_aa enhanced_aa in_ the_aa process_aa
(Unctad.org,_aa 2018,_aa p_aa 7)._aa Some_aa of_aa the_aa vital_aa cyber_aa laws_aa that_aa have_aa
been_aa introduced_aa relate_aa to_aa the_aa implementation_aa of_aa the_aa compatible_aa e-
signatures_aa and_aa e-contract_aa laws,_aa protecting_aa the_aa online_aa customers_aa in_aa the_aa
dynamic_aa online_aa setting,_aa addressing_aa the_aa core_aa issues_aa relating_aa to_aa data_aa
protection_aa and_aa the_aa privacy_ of_aa the_aa online_aa users_aa and_aa giving_aa a_aa tough_aa
fight_aa to_aa the_aa cybercrime_aa activities_aa that_aa are_aa taking_aa place_aa in_aa the_aa
present_aa times._aa _aa Such_aa principles_aa have_aa been_aa introduced_aa so_aa that_aa the_aa
instances_aa of_aa online_aa criminal_aa practices_aa can_aa be_aa effectively_aa managed_aa and_aa
mitigated_aa in_aa the_aa process_aa (Unctad.org,_aa 2018,_aa p_aa 8)._aa These_aa principles_aa
have_aa a_aa major_ implication_aa on_ the_aa online_aa activities_aa that_aa are_aa carried _aa
out._aa The_aa application_aa of_aa the_aa cyber_aa laws_aa principles_aa has_aa become_aa a_aa
fundamental_aa necessity_aa so_aa as_aa to_aa safeguard_aa the_aa online_aa users_aa (Unctad.org,_aa
2018,p_aa 10)._aa
The_aa reputed_aa shipping_aa business_aa named_aa Maersk_aa was_aa a_aa victim_aa of_aa
a_aa cyberattack_aa that_aa adversely_aa affected_aa its_aa brand_aa reputation_aa and_aa also_aa
led_aa to_ financial_aa losses._aa The_aa NotPetya_aa attacked_aa the_aa IT_aa system_aa of_aa the_aa
business_aa undertaking_aa and_aa crippled_aa its_aa entire_aa Information_aa technology_aa
infrastructure._aa Its_aa APM_aa terminals_aa had_aa been_aa impacted_aa for_aa a_aa few_aa
weeks_aa and_aa the_aa business_aa activities_aa came_aa to_aa a_aa major_aa standstill_aa due_aa to_aa
IT_aa 659_aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa aa_a aa_aa aa_a aa_aa aa_ aa_aa aa_a
_aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a aa_aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa
_aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a aa_aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa aa_aa aa_aa _aa
_aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a aa_aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa
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the_aa online_aa threat_aa that_aa was_aa encountered_aa by_aa the_aa shipping_aa business_aa
concern_aa (Ship-technology.com, _aa 2018, _aa para. _aa 3). _aa
The_aa magnitude_aa of_aa the_aa cyber-attack_aa revealed_aa that_aa the_aa shipping_aa
industry_aa is_aa not_aa entirely_aa prepared_aa to_aa give_aa a_aa tough_ fight_aa to_aa the_aa
online_aa attackers_aa that_aa exploit_aa the_aa vulnerability_aa of_aa the_aa industry_aa
participants_aa and_aa negatively_aa affect_ the _aa day-to-day_aa business _aa activities _ and _aa
operations_aa (Maersk.com,_aa 2018,_aa p_aa 7)._aa The_aa application_aa of_aa the_aa cyber_aa
laws_aa can_aa act_aa as_aa a_aa protective_aa shield_a for_aa the_aa shipping_ businesses._aa aa_aa
References
Kamble,_aa R._aa (2013)._aa Cyber_aa Law_a And_aa Information_aa Technology._ Journal _aa
Of_aa Scientific_aa &_aa Engineering_aa Research,_ 4(5).
Kumawat,_aa M._aa (2016)._aa E-commerce,_aa Cyber_aa Crime_aa and_aa Indian_aa cyber_aa
Law._aa International_aa Journal_aa Of_aa Law,_aa 2(1),_aa 45-58._aa doi:_aa
doi.org/10.22271/law
Maersk.com_aa (2018)._aa A.P._aa MØLLER_aa -_aa MÆRSK_aa A/S_aa BOND_aa INVESTOR_aa
PRESENTATION_aa FEBRUARY_aa 2018._aa Retrieved_aa from_aa
http://investor.maersk.com/static-files/83bb9cd4-ee4b-4fbc-9d84-da2447c7214a
IT_aa 659_aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa aa_a aa_aa aa_a aa_aa aa_ aa_aa aa_a
_aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a aa_aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa
_aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a aa_aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa aa_aa aa_aa _aa
_aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa aa_aa a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a _aa aa_aa _aa aa_aa _aa aa_a aa_aa aa_aa _aa aa_ aa_aa aa_ aa_aa _aa
_aa aa_aa aa_a aa_aa aa_a aa_aa aa_ aa_aa aa_a aa_aa _aa aa_aa 5
Ship-technology.com_aa (2018)._aa Did_aa the_aa Maersk_aa cyber_aa attack_aa reveal_aa an_aa
industry_aa dangerously_aa unprepared?_aa -_aa Ship_aa Technology._aa Retrieved_aa from_aa
https://www.ship-technology.com/features/maersk-cyber-attack-reveal-industry-
dangerously-unprepared/
Unctad.org_aa (2018)._aa Cyberlaws_aa and_aa regulations_aa for_aa enhancing_aa e-commerce:_aa
Case_aa studies_aa and_aa lessons_a learned. _ Retrieved _ from _aa
https://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/ciiem5d2_en.pdf
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