Concept and Etiology: PID is a general term that refers to an infection of the female reproductive
system. According to the CDC, PID diagnoses are in an average of 5% of all U.S. women will have PID
in their lifetime. c It most often occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina
to your uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. Douching also increases the risk of developing PID. PID
can either be acute or chronic, and most commonly results from a sexually transmitted infection
(usually gonorrhea or chlamydia). c PID is not a sexually transmitted disease, but rather is classified
as sexually derived. c The ethology of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is speculated upon based on
reported incidence and epidemiological studies. It deviates from the definition of health discussed
in Module One because Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is more of a medical disease/condition,
but I believe it also affects a female's mental health as well as their physical health as well, because
it can affect the reproductive tract during childbirth, which can affect a female's head (mental).
Classification: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) comprises a spectrum of inflammatory disorders of
the upper female genital tract, including any combination of endometritis, salpingitis, tube-ovarian
abscess, and pelvic peritonitis. Sexually transmitted organisms, especially Nesseira gonorrhoeae and
Chlamydia trachomatis, are implicated in many cases.
Clinical Manifestations (Symptoms and Signs): The signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory
disease can be subtle or mild. Some women don't experience any signs or symptoms. As a result,
you might not realize you have it until you have trouble getting pregnant or you develop chronic
pelvic pain. Indications of infection such as fever, chills, myalgia, and leukocytes, pain or tenderness
in the pelvis, lower abdomen, or lower back, abnormal vaginal and cervical discharge, painful sexual
intercourse, urinary frequency, dysuria, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, metrorrhagia (Abnormal
vaginal bleeding or spotting between periods), anorexia, nausea, and vomiting.
Diagnostic Tests: Diagnostic procedures for PID consist of a history, physical examination, discharge
culture, Papanicolaou (Pap) smear), CBC, pelvic ultrasound, CT, and laparoscopy.
Concept and Etiology- Breast cancer is defined and as an overgrowth of cells in the breast tissue
that lead to a malignant tumour. Breast cancer can be found in both men and women and affects
the reproductive system because it can spread to other parts of the body and cause other
problems. As well as it can affect breastfeeding in women who are still of childbearing age. Breast
cancer would cause a person to deviate from health, because the body is no longer functioning
properly, which is why there was an overgrowth of cells in the breast tissue.
Classification- “Types of cancer are usually classified based on the location and aggressiveness of
the disease. The most common type is ductal carcinoma, which means the original site of the
disease is within the ducts (tubes) that transport milk to the nipple. The cancer can be classified as
in situ (DCIS) which means it is not invasive and is contained inside the duct, or as an invasive breast
cancer if it has spread outside the duct. Additional breast cancer types include triple negative breast
cancer, inflammatory breast cancer, metastatic breast cancer, and other rare forms of breast
cancer. Pathologists also classify the disease by grade. The grade is defined according to the
appearance of the tissue on the biopsy. Breast cancer can be defined by stages, starting from stage
0 which is non-invasive all the way up to stage 5 which indicates the cancer has spread to other
parts of the body. Additionally, according to the American Cancer Society, gene expression is an
additional, and new way, to classify breast cancer. Based on molecular features determined by a
PAM50 test, gene expression divides breast cancers into four groups. Luminal A and luminal B
breast cancer types have gene expression patterns like healthy cells. Luminal A cancers are low-
grade that grows slowly. Luminal B cancers are faster-growing and more aggressive. HER2 breast
cancer type is diagnosed in the presence of additional copies of the HER2 gene. The basal type,
among the triple negative types, is diagnosed in the presence of a lack of estrogen or progesterone
receptors but normal levels of HER2. It is more common among women with the BRCA1 mutation.
For reasons unknown, basal cancer is more common among African American and younger women”
(Martins, 2021).
Clinical Manifestations- signs and symptoms of breast cancer include:
“New lump in the breast or underarm (armpit).
Thickening or swelling of part of the breast.
Irritation or dimpling of breast skin.
Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or the breast.
Pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area.
Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood.
Any change in the size or the shape of the breast.
Pain in any area of the breast” (CDC,2021).
Diagnostic Tests- Tests and procedures used to diagnose breast cancer include Breast exam,
Mammogram, Breast ultrasound, breast biopsy or a breast MRI. Once you have confirmed breast
cancer additional testing such as Blood tests, such as a complete blood count a Mammogram of the
other breast to look for signs of cancer, a Breast MRI a Bone scan, a Computerized tomography (CT)
scan, or a Positron emission tomography (PET) scan may be done to stage the breast cancer (Mayo
Clinic, 2021).
References:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, September 20). What are the symptoms of
breast cancer? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 25, 2021, from
https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/symptoms.htm.
Martins, I. (2021, October 15). Breast cancer classification. Breast Cancer News. Retrieved
November 25, 2021, from https://breastcancer-news.com/breast-cancer-classification/.
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2021, October 16). Breast cancer. Mayo
Clinic. Retrieved November 25, 2021, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-
cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352475.
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2020, April 23). Pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved November 25, 2021, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594.
Story, L. (2018). Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. In Pathophysiology: A practical approach (pp. 242–
243). essay, Jones & Bartlett Learning.
