Concept and Etiology:
c c c c c " Strabismus is a disorder in which both eyes do not line up in the same direction" (MedlinePlus,
2021). In other words, they do not look at the same thing at the same time. There are six muscles
surrounding the eye that keep both eyes in place and focused on the same point. With this disorder
the muscles are not working correctly and when one eye focuses the other looks away to another
point. If it goes untreated the eye that struggles to focus will end up losing sight.
c c c c c c Classification:
Strabismus can be classified in several different ways. Some of the most prevalent are Esotropia,
Exotropia and Hypertopia. Esoptopia being when the eyes looking inward and Exotopia being when
they eyes look outward. And Hypertropia describes eyes that are misaligned vertically. For example,
one eye being higher than the other.
c c c c c c Clinical Manifestations:
Signs of this disorder would be found by a physical examination. The disorder is apparent by looking
at the eyes. It is caused by a loss of control in the muscles surrounding the eye. Typically, with the
neuromuscular and brain control of the eye. Symptoms can include varying degree of vison loss,
misaligned eyes, weak eye movement.
c c c c c c c Diagnostic Tests:
c c c There are a few different types of ways to test for strabismus. One of which being reflex tests,
like the test involving looking directly at a point of light. Prisms are also used to see if the eyes are
properly aligned.
Dysphagia
Concept and Etiology: Dysphagia could affect the body by preventing someone from swallowing or
having trouble safely swallowing liquids, foods, or saliva. Often, dysphagia makes it difficult to take
in enough calories and fluids to nourish the body which can lead to additional serious medical
problems. (Swallowing Disorder, June 13, 2016)
Classification: How is the disease classified? Dysphagia can be classified into four categories, based
on the location of the swallowing impairment: oropharyngeal, esophageal, esophagogastric, and
para esophageal These four types occur in four separate but continuous anatomic areas, mental
aspects of this disorder are, in many ways, as challenging as addressing the physical limitations.
(Swallowing Disorder, June 13, 2016)
Dysphagia Symptoms: Each person is different, but some of the common symptoms of this disorder
are coughing during or right after eating or drinking, wet or gurgle sounding voice during or after
eating or drinking, extra effort or time needed to chew or swallow, food or liquid leaking from the
mouth or getting stuck in the mouth, weight loss or dehydration from not being able to eat enough.
Diagnostic tests for dysphagia: These tests are generally performed by a speech-language
pathologists. The most used tests are:
Modified barium swallow study – the patient eats or drinks food or liquid with barium in it and the
swallowing process is viewed on an x-ray. Endoscope assessment – using a lighted scope inserted
through the nose, the swallow can be viewed on a screen. (Swallowing Disorder, June 13, 2016)
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Strabismus: MedlinePlus medical encyclopaedia.
MedlinePlus. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001004.htm.
Strabismus. Strabismus - American Association for Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. (n.d.).
Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://aapos.org/glossary/strabismus.
Strabismus and amblyopia: Diagnosis & treatments: Boston Children's Hospital. Boston Childrens
Hospital. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-
and-treatments/conditions/s/strabismus-and-amblyopia/diagnosis-and-treatments.
