IHP 310_ Week 6_ Discussion_ Post 3

Concept and Etiology

Paget’s disease refers to a chronic disease of the skeleton. In healthy bone, a remodelling process

takes place that involves the removal of old pieces of bones and replacing them with fresh and new

bones (Paget's disease of bone - symptoms and treatment - Ortho info - AAOS. Ortho Info, 2021).

When a person suffers from Paget’s disease, the normal remodelling process shifts out of balance,

and it results in new bones that are abnormal in shape, brittle and weak. This medical condition

weakens the musculoskeletal system. The medical condition also has an impact on the

integumentary system that involves a set of organs that form the outermost layer of the body. c Both

the integumentary system and musculoskeletal system function together and are responsible for

this category (Lopes et al., 2015). The extramammary type is regarded to be an adenocarcinoma

that originates from the sin region or the skin appendages in the regions with apocrine glands

(McDaniel et al., 2018).

Clinical Manifestations

Some of the common signs of Paget’s disease include flaky or scaly skin, redness, itching, a lump in

the breast, and thickening of the skin on the breast area (McDaniel et al., 2018). Some of the main

symptoms of the health condition include fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, pain in the abdominal

and constipation. The symptoms relating to the condition could also arise from the effect of the

ailment on the level of calcium in the blood stream. Typically, the signs and symptoms relating to

the health condition occur on one breast only.

useful diagnostic test that helps to determine the bone that has been affected by the condition. On

some occasions, a biopsy is helpful to confirm the diagnosis of Paget’s disease (Paget's disease of

bone - symptoms and treatment - Ortho info - AAOS. Ortho Info, 2021).

Concept & Etiology:

Vitiligo is a rare condition characterized by small patchy areas of hypopigmentation (Story 2017).

This condition affects the integumentary system because it involves the cells that produce melanin.

These cells die or no longer form melanin and cause white patches to form irregular shapes on the

skin. The condition of vitiligo itself does not deviate from the definition of health but the potential

causes of it can. Potential causes such as hypothyroidism and Addison's disease do deviate from the

definition of health.

Generalized-affects many parts of the body symmetrically

Segmental-restricted to one side or area of the body

beard, and eyebrows. There may also be signs of loss of colour to the tissue that line the mucous

membrane (mouth).

Diagnostic Test: c Diagnostic test to determine a diagnosis of vitiligo are a history and physical

examination which may include a Woods's light exam. A skin biopsy, serum autoantibody, hormone

and B12 level measurements are also diagnostic test that can be performed.

Concept and Etiology: Fractures are known as traumatic musculoskeletal disorders and are the most

common type, which happens because of a break in the rigid structure of the bone (Story, 2018). c

Fractures can occur when a patient has a fall, is involved in an accident, or has a sports-related

injury (Story, 2018).

Greenstick fracture—an incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent and only the outer curve of

the bend is broken; commonly occurs in children because of minimal calcification and often heals

Compression fracture—a fracture in which the bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces

(Story, 2018)

Clinical Manifestations:

Deformity (e.g., angulation, shortening, and rotation)

Swelling at the site (due to the inflammatory process triggered by the tissue trauma)

Inability to move the affected limb

Crepitus (grating sound or sensation, usually occurring with movement)

Muscle flaccidity progressing to spasms

(Story, 2018)

in particular? How does it deviate from the definition of health discussed in Module One?

pressure to muscles, and occasionally can affect joints. While it most commonly affects women, it

can also affect men. It generally begins in middle adulthood but can also affect teens or old age.

Populations at higher risk for fibromyalgia are those with a rheumatic disease such as osteoarthritis,

Classification: How is the disease classified?

Fibromyalgia was historically classified as an inflammatory musculoskeletal disease and now is

classified as disease of the central nervous system. (Understanding Fibromyalgia and Its Related

Disorders, 2008)

Signs and symptoms according to The American College of Rheumatology include (Amigues M.D.,

Tenderness to touch, pressure affecting muscles, and occasionally joints or even the skin

Extreme fatigue

Sleep problems

Problems with memory or brain fog

Migraine/ tension headaches

Irritable bowel syndrome (commonly called IBS)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (often referred to as GERD)

Irritable/ overactive bladder

Pelvic pain

Diagnostic Tests: What are some additional diagnostic tests that can be done to illuminate the

diagnosis? For example, when you injure your ankle, they take an x-ray to determine if it is broken

or sprained.

There is no test to diagnosis fibromyalgia. However, a provider may order you to get testing to rule

out other disorders. They will also require a physical examination and you to meet certain criteria

for diagnosis, such as fatigue, waking unrefreshed, and cognitive problem. Also, no other health

problem to explain pain that is occurring (Amigues M.D., 2019).

Integumentary system. Inner body. (2021). Retrieved November 30, 2021, from

https://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/integumentary#:~:text=The%20integumentary%20system%2

0is%20an,%%202C%20nails%2C%20and%20exocrine%20glands.&text=Skin%20forms%20the%20bod

y’s%20outer, UV%20light%2C%20and%20physical%20damage.

Lopes, L. L., Lopes, I. M. R. S., Lopes, L. R. S., Enoki Hara, M. M., Michalany, A. O., & Matsunaga, N.

(2015). Mammary and extramammary Paget's disease. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia, 90, 225-

McDaniel, B., Brown, F., & Crane, J. S. (2018). Extramammary Paget Disease.

Paget's disease of bone - symptoms and treatment - Ortho info - AAOS. Ortho Info. (2021).