THEO 530
LIBERTY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DIVINITY
Research Paper: The Gifts of the Holy Spirit
Submitted to Dr. Simon Goncharenko,
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of
THEO 530– D06
Systematic Theology II
by
April D. Brown
May 4, 2021
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Content
Introduction............................................................................................................... 1-2
Overview of the gifts of the Holy Spirit
Spiritual Gifts Then ......................................................................................... 2-3
Spiritual Gifts Now .......................................................................................... 3-4
The Gifts of the Holy Spirit ..................................................................................... 4-5
The Holy Spirits Work Through the Faithful ................................................... 5
Additional Gifts of the Spirit............................................................................ 6-7
The gifts of the Holy Spirit are available ................................................................... 7
Gifts That Remain ............................................................................................ 8-9
The Importance of Spiritual Gifts in the Church Today .................................... 9-10
Some Believe some gifts of the Holy Spirit are no longer available ........................ 10-11
Gifts Believed to be no longer available ........................................................... 11-12
The Importance of Spiritual Gifts in the Early Church ..................................... 12-13
Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 13-14
Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 15-16
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Introduction
Are the Miraculous gifts of the Holy Spirit for today? The question is not whether God
still performs miracles but whether or not the miraculous gifts of the Holy Spirit as described in
1 Corinthians 12-14 are still available to us today. According to the Lords living breathing Word
in Acts 1:8, 2:4 and 19:6, and other places, these gifts are available to us then, now and forever.
However, some spiritual gifts have ceased and are inexistant among many Christians today as
explained by Charles Bouchard in his article on Recovering the Gifts of the Holy Spirit in Moral
Theology. Bouchard states, “The strong emphasis on the role of the Holy Spirit in scriptural,
patristic, and medieval sources was gradually weakened by many different influences including
pastoral need, ecclesial authority, and philosophy.”1 This topic has been a great debate among
theologians for many years. According to Walter Elwell in the Evangelical Dictionary of
Theology, “Spiritual gifts are gifts of God enabling the Christian to perform his or her
(sometimes specialized) service.”2 In 1 Corinthians 12:4-11 the Bible declares spiritual gifts are,
“wisdom, knowledge, faith, healing, miraculous powers, prophecy, distinguishing between
spirits, speaking in tongues and interpretation of tongues.” An additional list of these gifts can be
found in Romans 12. However, many Christians believe there are only seven spiritual gifts by
reference of Isaiah 11:2-3. However, when we look at the previous verse, it is clear this was a
prophecy of the coming of Jesus, “A shoot will come up from the stump of Jesse; from his roots
a Branch will bear fruit. The Spirit of the LORD will rest on him- the Spirit of wisdom and of
understanding, the Spirit of counsel and of might, the Spirit of the knowledge and fear of the
LORD-and he will delight in the fear of the LORD. He will not judge by what he sees with his
1 Charles E. Bouchard, “Recovering the Gifts of the Holy Spirit in Moral Theology.” Theological Studies
(Baltimore) 63, no 3 (2002): 539-558.
2 Walter A. Elwell, “Evangelical Dictionary of Theology” (Grand Rapids: MI, Baker Academic, 2001),
1135.
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eyes, or decide by what he hears with his ears;” This raises the question, why do so many
Christians believe that some of these gifts are still available to us today but not others such as
healing, prophecy and speaking in tongues? This paper will argue that all gifts of the Holy Spirit
are for today, but some have ceased and are inexistent among many Christians.
Spiritual Gifts Then
In the early church it was widely accepted that the gifts of the Holy Spirit were upon the
disciples and the church. The Didache (The teaching of the twelve disciples 100 A.D.) is a
document that is known to be one of the earliest post-apostolic writings. This document shows
the church carried on in the nine gifts of the Holy Spirit well after the disciples. It demonstrates
the presence of prophets and the speaking of tongues in the church as normal and desirable.
Furthermore, the Didache discounts the idea that preaching is the same as prophecy as believed
by those often referred to as Cessationists.3
In an early work of Irenaeus he states, “the Holy Spirit is the Spirit of the sanctification
of man and his transformation into the image of Christ, living in us to grant divine life to us. This
very same Spirit is also the source of all charismata.”4 According to Thayer’s Greek Lexicon,
Charismata can be defined as, “extraordinary powers, distinguishing certain Christians and
enabling them to serve the church of Christ, the reception of which is due to the power of divine
grace operating in their souls by the Holy Spirit.” Moreover, in another one of his studies Van
Oort goes on to explain, “The noun charisma occurs only in the Pauline letters of Romans and 1
and 2 Corinthians, in 1 and 2 Timothy and once in 1 Peter (v. 4:10). In Koine Greek, the term
3 Jonathan A. Draper and Clayton N. Jefford, eds. The Didache: A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in Early
Christianity. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2015.
4 Johannes, Van Oort, "The Holy Spirit and the Early Church: Doctrine and Confession." Hervormde
Teologiese Studies 67, no. 3 (2011): 2.
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means ‘gift’ or ‘favour’, but the word seems to have been imported into the Christian vocabulary
through the Apostle Paul, receiving the technical meaning of ‘gift of the Spirit’”5
Spiritual Gifts Now
In the first half of the twentieth century there was the uprising of the Pentecostal
denomination followed by the charismatic movement in the second half. This movement led
many Christians who were not Pentecostal to embrace the supernatural gifts of the Holy Spirit.
However, in more recent years other denominations, such as Baptist, have begun to shift their
view and theological understanding of these supernatural gifts of the Holy Spirit.
In an article written by William Brackney in the Baptist Quarterly he says, “In recent
years, Baptist interest in the doctrine and experience of the Holy Spirit has received new
attention. Baptists in local churches globally have encountered charismatic and Pentecostal
Christians, the international organization of moderate Baptists has worked on a theme, ‘In Step
with the Spirit’ and several Baptist theologians have modified their understandings of the
Spirit.”6 Moreover, he discusses the everchanging understanding of the Doctrine of the Holy
Spirit within Baptist theological history. Explaining the theological and denominational sub-
families must be taken into account for them to reach any theological consensus. However,
Brackney does state, “The experience of the Spirit is rich and varied in many parts of the
contemporary Baptist family.” And that, “Baptists have a clear understanding of the church as a
body of Spirit-called and filled believers, who employ spiritual gifts and give evidence of the
5 Johannes, Van Oort, "The Holy Spirit and the Early Church: The Experience of the Spirit." Hervormde
Teologiese Studies 68, no. 1 (2012): 1.
6 Brackney, William H. “Baptist Contributions to Theological Reflection on the Holy Spirit: A
Representative Survey: Part I.” Baptist Quarterly 51, no. 3 (2020): 121–135.
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fruit of Spirit in worship and vocation.”7 Since the Charismatic Movement, many other
denominations have come to accept the nine gifts of the Holy Spirit as being alive and moving
within the people and the church of Jesus Christ. However, the Pentecostal denomination
remains the most prominent in the interest and experience if the supernatural gifts of the Holy
Spirit.
The Gifts of Holy Spirit
The gifts of the Holy Spirit are endowed upon us when we lay down our earthly lives and
surrender to Jesus Christ our Lord and Savior. 1 Corinthians 12-14 declares there are nine gifts of
the Holy Spirit, although some of them such as speaking in tongues and laying hands for healing,
are only practiced by certain denominations such as Pentecostals. The three gifts of revelation are
the word of wisdom, the word of knowledge and the discerning of spirits. The three gifts of
power and demonstration are the gift of faith, the workings of miracles and the gifts of healings.
The three gifts of inspiration and edification are the gift of prophecy, the gift of tongues and the
gift of interpretation of tongues. Romanus Cessario, in his journal entry, "Religion and the Gifts
of the Holy Spirit," explains the impact the Gifts of the Holy Spirit have in our lives as
Christians, saying this, “By means of these gifts the soul is excited and encouraged to seek after
and attain the evangelical beatitudes, which, like the flowers that come forth in the springtime,
are the signs and harbingers of eternal beatitude.” And that, “there are those blessed fruits,
enumerated by the Apostle (Gal. v., 22), which the Spirit, even in this mortal life, produces and
shows forth in the just; fruits filled with all sweetness and joy, in as much as they proceed from
7 William H. Brackney, “Baptist Contributions to Theological Reflection on the Holy Spirit: A
Representative Survey: Part I.” Baptist Quarterly 51, no. 3 (2020): 121–135.
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the Spirit, “who is in the Trinity the sweetness of both Father and Son, filling all creatures with
infinite fullness and profusion.”8
The Holy Spirit Works Through the Faithful
In Mark 16:15-18, Jesus commanded the church to “go into all the world” with the
Gospel (v. 15) He also commissioned the church to “preach the good news to all creation” (15)
those to be affected by the Great Commission is “whoever believes” (16). Through faith, Jesus
endowed the church with the Supernatural gifts of the Holy Spirit, not just the early church but
“whoever” believes, all believers throughout all time, “And these signs will accompany those
who believe: in my name they will drive out demons; they will speak in new tongues; they will
pick up snakes with their hands; and when they drink deadly poison, it will not hurt them at all;
they will place their hands on sick people, and they will get well” (v. 17-18).
In his contribution to the Lutheran Quarterly, Oswald Bayer says this, “The Son himself
subsequently gave himself and bestowed all his works, sufferings, wisdom and righteousness,
and reconciled us to the Father, in order that restored to life and righteousness, we might also
know and have the Father and his gifts.”9 The gifts of the Holy Spirit are given to those who are
followers of Christ, they are free gifts that are given to believers for the Lords Glory and the
edification of the body of Christ, “11 And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some,
evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; 12 For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of
the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ:” (NKJV).
Additional Gifts of the Holy Spirit
8 Romanus Cessario, "Religion and the Gifts of the Holy Spirit." Nova et vetera 15, no. 4 (2017): 988.
9 Oswald Bayer, "The Self-Giving God." Lutheran Quarterly 33, no. 2 (Summer, 2019): 125.
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In addition to the Supernatural gifts that have been bestowed upon the church, the Holy
Spirit provides all believers with the gifts of the fruit of the Spirit. “22 But the fruit of the Spirit
is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, 23 gentleness, self-control.
Against such there is no law” (NKJV). The fruit of the Spirit transforms believers from the inside
out, making them a new creation.
As previously mentioned not all Christians accept all of the afore mentioned nine gifts of
the Holy Spirit to be available to us today. It is widely agreed that the seven gifts of the Spirit are
available however, the gifts of healings and the gift of speaking in other tongues continues to be
a great theological debate. Frederick De Beer discusses this in his journal entry, “The
Ecclesiastical Difficulty of Ephesians 4:1–6 in View of the Different Perspectives on the Baptism
in the Holy Spirit and the Gifts of the Holy Spirit.” De Beer states, “The doctrine of the Holy
Spirit has caused numerous debates and controversy over the years between the Pentecostal and
the Reformed traditions. Especially two aspects gave rise to serious disagreements, namely the
interpretation and views on the baptism in the Holy Spirit and secondly, the question regarding
the continuation of the charismatic gifts.”10 De Beer goes on to discuss the need for unity among
the different denominations without compromising either of their theological traditions by
referring to Paul’s cry for unity in his letter to the Ephesians, “In Ephesians 4:3, Paul exhorts the
church in Ephesus to ‘make every effort to keep the unity of the Spirit through the bond of
peace’. While Paul argues unity, a unity which was created by the presence and working of the
Spirit, it seems that the interpretation and understanding of the presence and working of the
Spirit by the Reformed and Pentecostal traditions created more division and strife than
10 Frederick, J. de Beer, "The Ecclesiastical Difficulty of Ephesians 4:1–6 in View of the Different
Perspectives on the Baptism in the Holy Spirit and the Gifts of the Holy Spirit." In Die Skriflig 54, no. 1 (2020).
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ecclesiastical tolerance or acceptance, while in essence both are part of the one, holy, catholic,
apostolic church.”11
The Gifts of the Holy Spirit are Available
The gifts of the Holy Spirit are available to all believers of Christ. These gifts were
available when Christ first endowed them to the church, they are available now and they will
always be available until the end of time. It is up to the church to recognize, the Lord is the same
yesterday, today and tomorrow. The same way He gives blessings into our lives, so He gives the
gifts of the Holy Spirit. He does not give us anything just to take it away. It is up to the Church to
“Be strong in the Lord and His mighty power. Put on all of God’s armor so that you will be able
to stand against all strategies of the Devil” (Eph. 6:10-11, NLT).
Many churches have turned to Spiritual gifts inventories to help their members discover
or confirm spiritual gifts. In his contribution to the Journal of Psychology and Christianity,
William Hathaway says this, “Attention is given to taxonomies of spiritual gifts, biblical
terminology relevant to a theology of spiritual gifts, and theological debates over whether at least
some "miraculous" or "revelatory" gifts are still present in the body of Christ today.”12
While it may continue to be a great theological debate for years to come, this writer
believes all of the gifts of the Holy Spirit are alive and available to believers today. The Bible
says this, “Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of
lights with whom there is no variation or shadow due to change” (Jm. 1:17, ESV).
Gifts That Remain
11 Frederick, J. de Beer, "The Ecclesiastical Difficulty of Ephesians 4:1–6 in View of the Different
Perspectives on the Baptism in the Holy Spirit and the Gifts of the Holy Spirit." In Die Skriflig 54, no. 1 (2020).
12 William L. Hathaway, "Spiritual Gift Inventories: Validity & Function." Journal of Psychology and
Christianity 37, no. 3 (Fall, 2018): 205-16.
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Many churches hold different views and opinions on the interpretation of the remaining
gifts of the Holy Spirit. The Pentecostal tradition holds that all of the gifts of the Holy Spirit are
available to all believers of Christ while the more reformed traditions hold to the belief that only
certain gifts of the Holy Spirit are available to believers.
H.H. Van Alten discusses the teaching of the cessation of the miraculous gifts by John
Calvin in his journal entry on, “John Calvin on the gifts of the Holy Spirit in his commentary on
Acts.” He delves into the teachings of John Calvin and questions whether he intended for
“cessationism or continuationism.”13 Van Alten discusses Calvin’s commentary in more depth
and says this, “In his commentary on Acts Calvin uses two poignant images to illustrate how the
Holy Spirit is the source of all gifts. The first image is that of a spring, a single spring that can
never run dry (inexhaustus fons).6 From this spring an infinite variety of gifts flow out to the
believers. The second image is that of a key. The Spirit is the key (clavis) that opens the door for
us to enter into all the treasures of spiritual blessings.7 Both images convey the element of an
abundance of gifts.
Moreover, Van Alten makes clear Calvin’s position on the gifts of healing and the gift of
tongues, “On Acts 10:44 Calvin says that God confirms by a new miracle (novo miraculo
confirmat Deus) that the Gentiles also share in the teaching of the Gospel, referring to the gifts of
tongues and prophecy, while shortly afterwards talking about this new miracle as 'these gifts'
(haec dona).
Although Calvin is known as the father of cessation, it appears that he too believed in the
Supernatural Gifts of the Holy Spirit. The Bible says this, “8Love never fails. But where there are
prophecies, they will cease; where there are tongues, they will be stilled; where there is
13 H.H. Van Alten, "John Calvin on the Gifts of the Holy Spirit in His Commentary on Acts." Koers 82, no.
2 (2017): 1-13.
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knowledge, it will pass away. 9For we know in part and we prophesy in part, 10but when
completeness comes, what is in part disappears” (1 Cor. 13:8-9). Unfortunately, some have
interpreted this Scripture as when the Apostles passed away so did the Supernatural gifts of the
Holy Spirit however, if we look at the scripture closely it says, “when completeness comes.”
Completeness is the Lord, the perfect One has not returned, and we still have knowledge
therefore, we still have these Miraculous gifts of the Holy Spirit. In Paul’s letter to the church of
Corinth he tells them, “Therefore if the whole church comes together in one place, and all speak
with tongues, and there come in those who are uninformed or unbelievers, will they not say that
you are out of your mind?” (1 Cor. 14:23).
The Importance of Spiritual Gifts in the Church Today
One of the most important functions of a believer’s faith in the church today is the
receiving and using of their Holy Spirit given gifts. Paul says this, “…so that you are not lacking
in any gift, as you wait for the revealing of our Lord Jesus Christ,” (1 Cor. 1:7, ESV). The Bible
tells us that spiritual gifts are used to build up believers in their faith, “10Each of you should use
whatever gift you have received to serve others, as faithful stewards of God's grace in its various
forms” (1 Pt. 4:10). When a believer uses his or her gift, it confirms that the Spirit is working
through them and strengthens their faith. When a believer is a recipient of a gift, it confirms that
God is working in their life and encourages them in their identity as a child of God. The usage
of spiritual gifts is a primary weapon against many of the schemes of the enemy. Being built up
in our faith allows us to fight against discouragement, depression, self-loathing, bitterness, and
many more of the enemy’s traps.
In his contribution to the Heythrop Journal, T. Parker Haratine says this, “Christ’s death
is sufficient insofar as it objectively provides the means by which humanity is reconciled to God.
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It is sufficient for anyone who participates in this work, and in this sense, it directly addresses the
afront to God’s honor that is the objective break in the divine‐human relationship.” When Christ
rose from the grave, he empowered all of his followers, from then until the end of time, with His
power through the Gifts of the Holy Spirit, “8 But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit
has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria,
and to the end of the earth” (Acts 1:8, NKJV).
Some Believe Some Gifts of the Holy Spirit are Inexistant
Reformed tradition Christians believe the miraculous gifts of healings and the gift of
speaking in tongues was only available to the Apostles of the early church but later died with the
Apostles. However, when Christ healed the sick while he was on the earth, it was not by the
Deity that dwelt in his humanity. He said, If I cast out devils by the Spirit of God, then the
kingdom of God is come upon you (Mt. 12:28). Jesus healed by the Holy Spirit. “The Spirit of
the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent
me to heal the brokenhearted” (Lk. 4:18). The Holy Spirit is the agent, by which this great power
is accomplished. We should especially expect to see His evidence all around us in these days
since they are the days in which it has been prophesied that there shall be signs and wonders.
Throughout the book of Acts, we are told of others aside from the Apostles who were
anointed with gifts from the Holy Spirit, “8Now Stephen, a man full of God's grace and power,
performed great wonders and signs among the people. 9Opposition arose, however, from
members of the Synagogue of the Freedmen (as it was called)-Jews of Cyrene and Alexandria as
well as the provinces of Cilicia and Asia-who began to argue with Stephen. 10But they could not
stand up against the wisdom the Spirit gave him as he spoke” (Acts 6:8-10).
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Just as the gifts of the Holy Spirit were available in the early church, they are available
now. The New Testament never describes the ability of Jesus and the apostles to work miracles
as "the gift of healing" or "the gift of miracles." When we read 1 Corinthians 12:7–10, it can be
understood that these gifts are given according to God's will to various people in the church: "To
each is given the manifestation of the Spirit for the common good. To one is given through the
Spirit the utterance of wisdom, and to another the utterance of knowledge according to the same
Spirit, to another faith by the same Spirit, to another gifts of healings by the one Spirit, to another
the workings of miracles . . . " To say that what was meant is that no one in the church would
receive these "gifts of healings" or the "workings of miracles," except for Jesus and the apostles,
would be, in this writers opinion, a gross misinterpretation of the passage.
Gifts Believed to be No Longer Available
Of the gifts of the Holy Spirit named in 1 Corinthians 12-14, prophecy, healing, and
speaking in other tongues are widely believed to no longer be available to followers of Christ.
Frederick E. Greenspahn discusses this in his entry to the Journal of Biblical Literature, he
focuses on the inexistence of prophecy. Greenspahn claims, that “prophecy is only present in the
Old Testament and ended with Malachi.” However, there are several examples of prophecy in the
New testament as well as the endowing of the Gifts of the Holy Spirit by Jesus. Romans 12:6
says, “Since we have gifts that differ according to the grace given to us, each of us is to exercise
them accordingly: if prophecy, according to the proportion of his faith;” It is a Spirit-prompted,
Spirit-sustained, utterance that is rooted in a true revelation, It is still valid and useful for the
church today.
Another consideration is the belief that the gifts of healings and speaking in other tongues
are no longer available. According to the Lord Jesus Christ, the gifts of tongues and healing
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are signs (Mk.16:16-20). In a study of John Wesley’s “Doctrine of Spiritual Gifts,” Dojcin
Zivadinovic explains Wesley’s conviction of conversion quoting him, “The cause of this [decline
of spiritual gifts following Constantine] was not, (as has been vulgarly supposed,) ‘because there
was no more occasion for them,’ because all the world was become Christians. This is a
miserable mistake; not a twentieth part of it was then nominally Christian. The real cause was,
‘the love of many,’ almost of all Christians, so called, was ‘waxed cold.’ The Christians had no
more of the Spirit of Christ than the other Heathens. The Son of Man, when he came to examine
his Church, could hardly ‘find faith upon earth.’ This was the real cause why the extraordinary
gifts of the Holy Ghost were no longer to be found.”14
The Importance of Spiritual Gifts in the Early Church
The importance of the gifts of the Holy Spirit in the early church were to edify the
church and to proclaim the kingdom of God. These gifts were first given to the disciples on the
day of Pentecost (2:1-3) in the Upper Room where Jesus said to them, “But you will receive
power when the Holy Spirit comes on you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all
Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth” (Acts 1:8, NIV).
Van Oort summarizes the early church views of the gifts of healings, prophecy and
speaking in other tongues. He reveals much controversy about this topic among the church from
the second century on stating, “After initially struggling with the subject, these councils ended up
severely condemning ‘the new prophecy’. But perhaps they threw out the baby with the
bathwater?”15
14 Dojcin Zivadinovic, “Wesley and Charisma: An Analysis of John Wesley’s View of Spiritual Gifts”
Andrews University Seminary Student Journal 1, no. 2 (2015): 53-71.
15 Johannes, Van Oort, "The Holy Spirit and the Early Church: The Experience of the Spirit." Hervormde
Teologiese Studies 68, no. 1 (2012): 1-7.
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Moreover, those who seek to condemn the gifts of healings, prophecy, and speaking in
other tongues have not ever been able to gather any substantial evidence to when they would
have ceased, making these erroneous allegations nothing more than hearsay. According to
Klooster, at the second ecumenical council “Gregory of Nyssa delivered a speech called ‘On His
Ordination’, Klooster goes on to say, “In this speech, he complained about the lack of actual
experience of the Spirit in his own time and place. ‘But luckily’, he remarked to the gathered
bishops, ‘there are a few persons present here who are full of the Spirit, namely men from
Mesopotamia. There, the charismata are still a living reality; there the preached Word is
confirmed by the Spirit’:”16
Conclusion
The gifts of the Holy Spirit are available to all who believe in Jesus Christ. He bestowed
these gifts upon us so that we may be empowered by the Holy Spirit to have wisdom,
knowledge, and faith, to perform miraculous healings in Jesus’ name, to have miraculous powers,
to prophecy, to distinguishing between spirits, to speak in tongues other than our own and to
interpret tongues.” It is widely believed by Reformed tradition Christians that only seven of these
gifts of the Holy Spirit remain. However those of the Pentecostal tradition believe all of these
gifts are still available to all believers today. There have been countless theological debates as to
whether or not the gifts of healings, prophecy and speaking in other tongues are still available to
the church today or if those gifts were only given to the Apostles and the early church. The Bible
is the living and breathing Word of God and He is never changing. The Lord’s Word tell us that
we are given these gifts to edify the church and to build one another up. There is no documented
16 Anton M. ten Klooster, “Aquinas on the Fruits of the Holy Spirit as the Delight of the Christian Life”
Journal of Moral Theology, Vol. 8, Special Issue No. 2 (2019): 80-94.
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or substantial evidence that these gifts were ever intended to end with the Apostles or the early
church. God is the same God then, now, and forever.
Bibliography
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Bouchard, Charles E. “Recovering the Gifts of the Holy Spirit in Moral Theology.” Theological
Studies (Baltimore) 63, no 3 (2002): 539-558.
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Brackney, William H. “Baptist Contributions to Theological Reflection on the Holy Spirit: A
Representative Survey: Part I.” Baptist Quarterly 51, no. 3 (2020): 121–135.
Cessario, Romanus. "Religion and the Gifts of the Holy Spirit." Nova et vetera 15, no. 4 (2017):
983-998.
de Beer, Frederick,J. "The Ecclesiastical Difficulty of Ephesians 4:1–6 in View of the Different
Perspectives on the Baptism in the Holy Spirit and the Gifts of the Holy Spirit." In Die
Skriflig 54, no. 1 (2020).
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Early Christianity. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2015.
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