Research Paper: Presentation Instructions
Overview:
The purpose of this assignment is to help you develop the skills and knowledge necessary to convey
complex ideas in a professional manner using a PowerPoint (ppt) presentation. Presentation software is
one of the most common ways ideas are presented in the workplace, as well as academia. Although you
will be presenting the same material in your final paper, the way it is presented in a ppt presentation will
be specific to this format. For example, in a ppt presentation, you will be able to demonstrate how an
operant procedure works with animated levers and food pellets, while in a paper you would simply
describe it. In a presentation, you can take advantage of multimedia such as video clips of famous
researchers explaining their own theories.
Requirements:
At least 25 slides
An appropriate image included on each slide
Include at least 1 video
Demonstrate at least 1 experimental method using animation
Use a slide transition
Instructions:
Content: The basic content and structure of the presentation should mirror that of the paper but will not
include the “Assessment of Research Paper Writing Process” (See the outline below). An abstract is
also not included in a formal presentation.The content must be much more concise as compared to the
paper. Summarize each of the main points of your paper into a bullet point. Avoid making a slide look
like a paragraph. Use in-text citations in the slide on which the information appears.
Title Slide: The title slide includes the name of your presentation, your name, and the institution with
which you are affiliated.
Images: Every slide should include an image that is relevant to the content on that particular slide. Avoid
“crowding” the image by placing text too close to it. A good image will be high resolution (not pixelated),
not distorted, and professional (proper lighting, contrast, etc.). If you use poor images, they will distract
from the quality of your work. In order to avoid copyright infringement, all images must be copyright-free
or “free-to-use”. There are a number of databases in which you can find copyright-free images, including
using an advanced google image search with the usage rights set to “free to use or share.”
Style: Select a background, font, and color combination that is easy to read and visually complementary.
Video: The video should be a link to a YouTube video. If the video is a link to a file on the author’s
computer it will not play when the ppt file is transferred to another person.
Animation: Use animation to demonstrate the methods of at least 1 experiment.
Slide Transitions: Select a slide transition that makes the presentation look polished but does not
distract from the flow of the presentation.
Reference Slide: Current APA-formatted references of all sources cited in the presentation.
Narration: Write a narration in the notes section under each slide of how you would explain the slides.
This should be the same information you would put on note cards if you were presenting your ppt at a
meeting or in class.
Outline:
Introduction
o State your topic. (e.g. “This paper will examine the roles of spontaneous reinstatement
of operant behavior in drug addiction.”)
State why this topic is important (e.g. “More than 80% of individuals who go
through substance abuse treatment will relapse within 5 years.”)
State your initial research questions (e.g. “What are the critical variables that
contribute to spontaneous recovery of operant responding for drugs of
abuse?”)
o Background information about the issue
Learning principle (e.g. “Spontaneous recovery was first reported by
_______. Later research revealed that _____,_______, and ______
influence spontaneous recovery in animal studies.”).
Principle’s application to the problem or issue (e.g. “______ initially
suggested that drug relapse may work through a similar mechanism.The
methods used to study spontaneous recovery of drug seeking behavior
are…”)
o State your hypothesis. Your hypothesis is the main focus of the paper (e.g. “While
stress is a critical factor in the reinstatement of operant behavior for drugs of abuse,
its effects can be mitigated by an enriched environment”). Everything discussed in the
paper must be related back to the hypothesis. Does a study support or contradict your
hypothesis?
Define all terms in your hypothesis, referencing appropriate sources
Discuss any points of clarification
Point 1
Point 2
… (as needed)
…
Literature Review
o Theoretical literature pertaining to the learning principle
Overview and summary of each theory or explanation
Relevance of each theory/explanation to the issue
Application of the theoretical findings to the issue
o Applied literature—Repeat for each study
Rationale of the study
Overview of the study
Methodology (key elements)
Key findings related to your hypothesis
Critique of the study
Design?
Appropriate methods?
How do the findings relate to your hypothesis/thesis?
Discussion
o Summary
Summary of all relative findings
o Recommendations
What can be learned from this research?
What are the implications?
To whom are these recommendations relevant and why? (e.g. parents,
government agencies, organizations, educational institutions, mental health
professionals)
o Future Research
o Conclusions
Recap the importance of your topic (no new information)
Revisit your thesis statement (did you find support or no support?)
Conclusion based on information derived from the literature
References
o Reference 1
o Reference 2
o Reference 3
o Reference 4
o Reference 5
o Continue as needed
Running head: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: SAUDI ARAMCO 1
Financial Analysis: SAUDI ARAMCO
Student's Name
Institution Affiliation
Date
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: SAUDI ARAMCO 2
Table of Contents
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 3
Evaluation and Control Process ......................................................................................... 3
Enterprise Risk Management and Implementation Plans .................................................... 5
Financial Analysis ............................................................................................................. 6
Market Value ..................................................................................................................... 7
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 8
Reference .......................................................................................................................... 9
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: SAUDI ARAMCO 3
Financial Analysis: SAUDI ARAMCO
Introduction
Saudi Aramco Company is also officially referred to as the Saudi Arabian Oil
Company. It traces its origin from 1933, after a successful Concession Agreement signed
between the Standard Oil Company of California (SOCAL) and the Saudi government.
SOCAL was given the full mandate to oversee the actualization of the business agreement.
However, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia assumed control of the oil business in 1980 (Saudi
Aramco, 2020b). Saudi Aramco was later transformed from an oil-producing company to a
petroleum integrated company by the Saudi government. Saudi Aramco's vision and mission
statements, and core values are broken into five main areas: to reinforce their leading position
in oil and gas exploration, to integrate operations across the hydrocarbon value chain to
establish influence, to engage in sustainable development, to lead the way in technological
development and innovation, and to strengthen their position as a leading employer.
During the previous fiscal year 2019, Saudi Aramco Company made tremendous
progress by achieving a couple of its milestones, strengthening their positioning as the
leading integrated gas and oil organization worldwide. Additionally, information available on
the company's website indicates that they managed to obtain Initial Public Offering (IPO) and
the listing on Tadawul (Saudi Aramco, 2020a). The achievement was influential in allowing
local, regional, and international investors to purchase stakes directly from the company. The
2019's IPO was the largest than rival organizations on the international marketplace, enabling
the government-run Saudi Aramco to re-establish its presence in the world capital market
through a $12 billion inaugural international bond (Saudi Aramco, 2020a).
Evaluation and Control Process
The primary objective of operational control processes at Saudi Aramco is to ensure
that suppliers adhere to all operational controls and procedures. The organization's change
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: SAUDI ARAMCO 4
management element is developed to ensure that change practices are created to manage
potential risks associated with new or ongoing projects and other changes such as products,
peoples, or processes. Saudi Aramco's recent successes are attributed to its effective control
mechanisms and timely response to global market demands and trends. Internal structures at
the organization have increased its votes of confidence among the investors. Regionally, the
company acquired a majority of shares in the Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC).
The success is attributed to the firm's bold move to streamline operations and improve quality
service and product delivery. Saudi Aramco had persistently demonstrated strong resilience,
operationally despite the adversity that faced its running when some of its refineries at
Abqaiq, Shaybah, and Khurais were attacked using drones in 2019. Effective management
and control process ensured that operations resumed in the shortest time possible
Saudi Aramco has a supplier and contractor control process targeted at developing a
comprehensive program for managing all contractors and suppliers, from the selection phase
to on-site operations and overall performance analysis or evaluations. The organization has
effectively expanded its operations and achieved a presence in international markets by
including three foundational global energy markets: Asia, North America, and Europe. For
example, the organization recently signed a marketing deal to acquire substantial stakes in
South Korean oil refine Hyundai Oil-bank for an approximated $1.24 billion (Saudi Aramco,
2020a). Other globally renowned firms in a business agreement with Saudi Aramco include
Poland's giant refine PKN Orlen. These, among other milestone agreements and control
processes, ensure that Saudi Aramco performs exceptionally well and achieves financial
discipline goals.
According to Wheelen, Hunger, and Hoffman et al. (2014), leading global
organizations must have effective controls involving personal protective equipment to ensure
that employees are adequately covered while all hazardous materials are properly managed to
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: SAUDI ARAMCO 5
prevent injury to the staff and the environment. To achieve its vision objective statement of
retaining its position as the preferred employer in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco has put
ultramodern waste management controls in place to ensure that both hazardous and non-
hazardous waste is rightly identified, managed or handled, archived, and disposed.
Additionally, the systems' regular calibration and maintenance are conducted on all necessary
activities, specifically for areas identified as crucial to achieve smooth operations. The
employees are constantly trained on organizational rules and work practices and equipped
with site rules, contractor regulations, and necessary good work procedures. The company's
recording of high net income in the ended fiscal year showed that its competency and
commitment to service delivery are undoubted.
Enterprise Risk Management and Implementation Plans
Wheelen et al. (2014) acknowledge the importance of risk management processes as
applicable models of identifying administrative control measures, including signs, records,
and procedures. Moreover, Sahebjamnia (2015) proposes that organizations must clearly
elaborate their risk management or assessment procedures to easily identify all of the
operational controls needed to ensure individual and collective success. Saudi Aramco has
installed safety procedures that directly relate to controlling hazards. Procedures are
developed to incorporate all operational processes and activities. Effective procedures cover
circumstances where the lack of them would result in deviations from site objectives and
policies. Saudi Aramco has certified its SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) to
OHSAS18001 International Management System Standards (IMSS) to ensure that necessary
documentation associated with records, procedures, and safety manuals are correctly
controlled. Therefore, all documents are correctly identified with ideal names, reference
numbers, and possible version numbers. Although Saudi Aramco adheres to all pre-set
requirements, the directives are not required in the organization's SSMS manual.
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: SAUDI ARAMCO 6
Regular housekeeping inspections at Saudi Aramco are an essential undertaking for
managing possible safety hazards. Participation by Saudi Aramco's senior management in
regular inspection activities indicates its commitment to achieving safety goals. Schedules are
made for senior employees at different stages or departments to conduct frequent visits to
different operations levels. For example, at Saudi Aramco, checklists are designed for visited
areas to check on risk preparedness and the particular information relevant to specific areas.
Challenges and potential risks identified during assessment analyses are addresses using
installed prevention action plans.
Wheelen et al. (2014) emphasize the most important elements in an implementation
plan: the work plan, key stakeholders, quality control, risk assessment, resources, or available
budgets. The primary importance of the safety system at Saudi Aramco is dependent on
various sources of data for easy management and implementation. In essence, the
competence, awareness, and training segment ensures that information regarding training,
drawn from the risk assessment results, is understood by all employees. Measuring and
monitoring activities are combined into an implementable plan that is quickly referable, and
that provides procedures for an achievable response. Relevant data and procedures for
responding to potential risks are outlined in manuals with identifiable SSMS procedures. As
advised by Sahebjamnia (2015), the alternative to implementation plans is to go through the
whole organizational safety system and the risk management procedures and customize a
plan. However, this technique is rather very impractical and time consuming for large
corporations such as Saudi Aramco.
Financial Analysis
Information by Saudi Aramco indicates that the corporation recorded an average net
income of $88.2 billion in 2019 (Saudi Aramco, 2020a). This was, however, a decline in
revenue generation from the previous fiscal year 2018. The decline could be attributed to the
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: SAUDI ARAMCO 7
decrease in global crude oil prices and a fall in the production volume. Nonetheless, the
corporation has managed to maintain its rank as the world's leading condensate and crude oil
producer, with an average daily production of 13.2 million barrels of hydrocarbons. Saudi
Aramco's capital expenditure in 2019 was estimated at $32.8 billion, another eminent decline
from $35.1 billion in the previous year. Based on the ravages of the current global health
crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic, Saudi Aramco's capital expenditure is likely to
decline further.
Information on the company's financial statements indicates a release of dividends
estimated at $73.2 billion in the fiscal year ending 2019. Operational costs increased by about
2.4% in 2019, which is $149.843 from $146.296 billion in 2018 (Saudi Aramco, 2020a).
Saudi Aramco's positive financial results are attributed to a streamlined manufacturing
process, production procedures, increased purchases, administrative style, and potential
depreciation expenses partly offset by a decline in government taxes and royalties. However,
despite the positives, the corporation's income taxes significantly declined in 2019, from a
high of $101.701 billion in 2018 to a low of $89.613 billion. The significant decrease in
income taxes definitely impacts the profits made between the two financial years.
Market Value
However, there are anticipations that the company's operations will improve in the
future, particularly after a reported increase in assets from $359.171 billion in 2018 to
$398.434 billion in 2019, thereby increasing the average market value (Saudi Aramco,
2020a). However, the value will depend on how best the government and its administration
can significantly minimize its liabilities and persistent or repetitive expenses. For example,
there was an increase in total liabilities from $84.922 billion in 2018 to a high of $119.438
billion in the following fiscal year. Factors that could contribute to high liability figures
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: SAUDI ARAMCO 8
include high borrowing rates, deferred income tax expenses, and increased dividend
payments.
Conclusion
Achieving local, regional, and global market objectives rely on various elements.
Saudi Aramco's mission, vision, and objective statements have placed the organization in a
competitive position to achieve its goals. Despite the numerous operational and marketplace
challenges that the company witnessed in 2019, there is anticipation that continued
management will restore its superiority in the region and beyond. Saudi Aramco is likely to
maintain solid earnings and cash flows and earnings going into the future. Therefore, this
paper recommends that the organization develops a solid counterattack plan and strategy to
ensure that it remains competitive in the subsequent financial years.
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: SAUDI ARAMCO 9
Reference
Sahebjamnia, T. (2015). Integrated business continuity and disaster recovery planning:
Towards organizational resilience. European Journal of Operational Research, 242(1),
261–273.
Saudi Aramco. (2020a). Saudi Aramco reports strong 2019 results despite difficult macro
environment.
Retrieved from https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2020/saudi-aramco-full-
year-2019-results
Saudi Aramco. (2020b). Our history.
Retrieved from https://americas.aramco.com/en/who-we-are/about/our-history
Wheelen, T. W., Hunger, J. D., & Hoffman, A. N. et al. (2014). Strategic Management and
Business Policy: Globalization, Innovation, and Sustainability (14th Ed., Chapter 11 &
12). New York, NY: Pearson College Division.
Financial Analysis: SAUDI ARAMCO –Outline
Introduction
A brief history and introduction to Saudi Aramco Company
An overview of the company, company vision, mission, and core values
Recent success recorded by the company
Evaluation and Control Process
The importance of properly-designed control processes at Saudi Aramco
A discussion of various evaluation and control processes and their impacts
Overall safety control and employee safety at Saudi Aramco
Enterprise Risk Management
Enterprise Risk Management and assessment procedures at Saudi Aramco
Corrective measures to potential risks identified after assessment
Strategic Implementation Plans at Saudi Aramco
Financial Analysis
An overview of the company’s financial analysis over the last year
Causes for the declines and increments in the company’s financial analysis
Applicable areas in which the information on the analysis can be used to improve
Market Value
Saudi Aramco market value and how to raise the value
Conclusion
Concluding statements of the paper in relation to Saudi Aramco
References
-List of citations used in the paper
The impact of internship on the cognitive skills
of learners
Name
Institution
Date
Introduction- The Topic
•Examining the Effectiveness of Internship
on Learning Among Undergraduates
•The topic's importance emanates from the
requirement by most universities (more
than 60 percent) for their students to take
internship programs.
•The research question- What are the
critical variables that contribute to the
internship program's effectiveness in
promoting learning?
Background Information
•The acknowledgment of the numerous
benefits associated with internships
•Cognitive learning theory as the
covariate of internship and first
reported by Cicero
•Research in the later years has revealed
that cognitive learning is closely related
to internship and influences learners'
acquisition and retention (Johnson,
2018).
Background Information Cont.
•The initial suggestions of the
cognitive learning theory were that
learning occurs in social contexts in
similar ways to observation.
•The research method adopted for
the study a quantitative approach.
Hypothesis
•Learning within the classroom confines is
important, but internships promote this
learning and enhance class knowledge
effectiveness.
•Definition of internship as the limited period
where the learner works in an organization.
•The internship should be given a greater
focus because it helps the learners broaden
their perception and be independent in their
professions.
•The higher learning institutions should not
unduly emphasize cognitive learning but
rather focus on improving the internship for
the benefit of all the stakeholders.
The Social Cognitive Learning Theory
•Learning is a complex process
influenced by a wide array of factors.
•Albert Bandura is the proposer of the
social learning theory.
•Social cognitive learning theory
explores the abilities of the learners to
acquire and retain information that
enhances the ability to reason and
make decisions.
The Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Cont.
•The core concepts at the heart of the
social cognitive theory.
•People learn through observation.
•Internal mental states are an important
part of the learning process.
•The learning of something does not
automatically mean that there will be
behavioral change.
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5Z
BXJRjTUo
The Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Cont.
•The relevance of the theory in research
helps to relate internship learning in
different situations through the three core
concepts.
•Human beings learning through
observation- students through internship
learning through observation and re-
modeling behavior.
•Acknowledgment that human beings do
not have to learn specifically through
watching.
The Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Cont.
•The theory showing that there is a close
relationship between internship and
cognitive learning.
•The recognition that internal cognitive or
mental states also influences learning is the
same case with internships.
•The sense of pride that can be achieved or
the motivation to feel accomplished, which
are all part of intrinsic reinforcement, can
influence faster learning during the
internship.
Applied literature
•Bukalya et al. (2012)- The Potential Benefits and
Challenges of an Internship Program in an ODL
institution.
•The rationale of the study- There has been an
existing gap in the quality of graduates produced
and the market needs necessitating the
introduction of internships for most universities.
•Overview of the study- the difference between
the students that the authors taught in class and
the market's needs.
•Methodology (key elements)- mixed methodology-
qualitative and quantitative methods for data
collection and analysis.
Applied Literature Cont.
•Key findings related to your
hypothesis- internships are
important for students.
•Internships improve the experience
and exposure of students.
Applied Literature Cont.
•Design- A good design that captured the
entire situation of internships
•Appropriate methods- mixed methodology
as an appropriate method
•How do the findings relate to your
hypothesis/thesis- the findings relate to
the current study as they highlight the
importance of internships and the need
for them to be improved in the future
Applied Literature Cont.
•Ralph & Walker (2015)- Mentorship in the
Practicum: Post-Interns’ Perspectives
•The rationale of the study- The need to
understand from former interns the
effectiveness of internship programs.
•Overview of the study- and exploration of
the relationship between the different
factors affecting young employees and
internship programs.
•Methodology (key elements)- qualitative
data collection and analysis
Applied Literature Cont.
•Key findings-internship has a
positive impact on the behavior of
the learners and the exposure.
•Internship ensures that the learners
at any given time possess the skills
that are needed in the market.
Applied Literature Cont.
•Design- A design that incorporated
information over a span of five years,
making it an effective study design
•Appropriate methods- qualitative
methodology
•How findings relate to your
hypothesis/thesis- The findings relate to
the hypothesis in that they provide
information showing that an internship
helps the learners broaden their perception
and be independent in their professions.
Applied Literature Cont.
•Anjum (2018)- Impact of internship programs on
the professional and personal development of
business students.
•The study's rationale- the need to explore the roles
that internships have on better transition for
students as they enter the work environment.
•Overview of the study- internships positively
affect transitions as the students will have had
prior experience in the work environment.
•Methodology (key elements)- qualitative data
collection and analysis
Applied Literature Cont.
•Key findings
•Internships link classroom knowledge
and workplace experiences.
•Internships have a positive impact on
the transition for the student.
•The limitation of the lack of
coordination between academic
providers and companies on internship
issues is likely to lead to negative
outcomes.
Applied Literature Cont.
•Design- A descriptive design, specifically a
case study that helps give specific
information about the value of internships
from the respondents' perspectives.
•Appropriate methods- qualitative
methodology
•How findings relate to your
hypothesis/thesis- The findings relate to the
hypothesis in that they provide information
showing that an internship will help in a
positive transition to the work environment.
Summary
•Internships have a positive
influence on the learners, the hiring
organizations, and the instructors.
•Cognitive learning has a close
relationship with internships.
Recommendations
•Institutions should enhance
internship effectiveness.
•The enhancement of internship
effectiveness will promote learning.
Recommendations Cont.
•The findings applications to;
•Institutions of learning
•Employers and their organizations
Future Research
•Future research on the perceptions
about internships from business
organizations and schools.
•A study on the relationship
between the length of internships
and the cognitive learning
outcomes.
Importance of the Topic
•The topic is important in looking at
the way of enhancing the
effectiveness of internship
programs.
•Aids future researchers on data
about the current internship
procedures and impacts on the
students, organization, and learning
institutions.
Conclusion
•All institutions of higher learning
should practice internships.
•They create a student ready for the
real world and enhanced
professionalism.
Assessment of Research Paper Writing
Process
•The beginning of the writing topic
•Brainstorming
•Drafting the outline and a review
of the existing literature.
Assessment of Research Paper Writing
Process Cont.
•Lessons from the writing process
•Brainstorming is important before
drafting any piece of work.
•The assignment is an important
facet of understanding the art of
acquiring and retaining sales, which
will help in improvement in my
career world.
References
Anjum, S. (2020). Impact of internship programs on business students' professional and personal development:
a case study from Pakistan. Future Business Journal, 6(1), 1-13.
Bukaliya, R., Region, M. E., & Marondera, Z. I. M. B. A. B. W. E. (2012). The potential benefits and challenges
of internship programs in an ODL institution: A case for the Zimbabwe Open University. International journal on
new trends in education and their implications, 3(1), 118-133.
Johnson, K. W. (2018). A Case Study Exploration of Internships in Undergraduate Business Education.
Lievens, F., & Sackett, P. R. (2012). The validity of interpersonal skills assessment via situational judgment tests
for predicting academic success and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2), 460.
Ralph, E. G., & Walker, K. D. (2014). Mentorship in the practicum: Post-interns’ perspectives. International Journal
of Humanities and Social Science, 4(8), 1-10.
Topic: The impact of internship on the cognitive skills of learners
Introduction
1. The topic
Examining the Effectiveness of Internship on Learning Among Undergraduates
The topic's importance emanates from the requirement by most universities (more than 60
percent) for their students to take internship programs.
The research question- What are the critical variables that contribute to the internship
program's effectiveness in promoting learning?
This research presentation aimed to examine the effectiveness of internship on learning among
undergraduates. This is a vital topic because more than 60 percent of the universities require that
their students take on internship programs for about six months. Further, this is an important
topic of examination. It provides insights on whether internships encourage self-discovery, build
confidence, and support the creative process's thinking and principles for promoting sustainable
development (Anjum, 2020). The research question is; what are the critical variables that
contribute to the internship program's effectiveness in promoting learning?
2. Background Information
The acknowledgment of the numerous benefits associated with internships
Cognitive learning theory as the covariate of internship and first reported by Cicero
Research in the later years has revealed that cognitive learning is closely related to internship
and influences learners' acquisition and retention (Johnson, 2018).
Internships have often been associated with numerous benefits to key stakeholders such as the
students, learning institutions, and employers. It helps enhance self-improvement and
professionalism among the learners. The covariate of internship, in this case, is a cognitive
learning theory, which was first reported by Cicero. Research conducted in later years has shown
that cognitive learning is closely related to internship and influences learner acquisition and
retention (Johnson, 2018).
3. Background Information Cont.
The initial suggestions of the cognitive learning theory were that learning occurs in social
contexts in similar ways to observation.
The research method adopted for the study a quantitative approach.
At its onset, the cognitive learning theory suggested that learning in social contexts is similar to
how people learn when observing. Today, the theory is widely accepted as one that explains the
interaction and influence of a human being's learning's internal and external factors. The method
that will be used to study the cognitive aspect of an internship is a quantitative approach. There
will be a collection of data and an analysis to understand the effectiveness of learning, which
takes place beyond the classroom (Lievens & Sackett, 2012).
4. Hypothesis
Learning within the classroom confines is important, but internships promote this learning
and enhance class knowledge effectiveness.
Definition of internship as the limited period where the learner works in an organization.
The internship should be given a greater focus because it helps the learners broaden their
perception and be independent in their professions.
The higher learning institutions should not unduly emphasize cognitive learning but rather
focus on improving the internship for the benefit of all the stakeholders.
While learning within the classroom is important, internships serve as an enhancer to the
knowledge gained. Internships refer to the limited period where the learners work in
organizations. The hypothesis is that internships should be given greater focus because they help
learners broaden their perceptions and be independent in their professions. This study also
hypothesized that higher learning institutions should not unduly emphasize cognitive learning
but rather focus on improving the internship for the benefit of all the stakeholders.
Literature Review
5. The Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Learning is a complex process influenced by a wide array of factors.
Albert Bandura is the proposer of the social learning theory.
Social cognitive learning theory explores the abilities of the learners to acquire and retain
information that enhances the ability to reason and make decisions.
Learning is a complex process that requires the interaction of various factors in the individual
and outside of them. Albert Bandura proposed the social learning theory in the 1960s. This
theory explored the learners' abilities to acquire and retain information for them to enhance the
ability to reason and make decisions. The theory focused on three core concepts.
6. The Social Cognitive Learning Theory Cont.
The core concepts at the heart of the social cognitive theory.
People learn through observation.
Internal mental states are an important part of the learning process.
The learning of something does not automatically mean that there will be behavioral change.
As mentioned, the social cognitive theory is driven by three core concepts. The first is that
people learn through observation, which means that after observing behavior, re-modeling
cannot take place. The internal mental state of the individual is also an important part of the
learning process. Lastly, the theory acknowledges that learning something does not automatically
mean that there will be behavioral change.
7. The Social Cognitive Learning Theory Cont.
The relevance of the theory in research helps to relate internship learning in different
situations through the three core concepts.
Human beings learning through observation- students through internship learning through
observation and re-modeling behavior.
Acknowledgment that human beings do not have to learn specifically through watching.
This theory is important as it relates internship learning in different situations through the three
core concepts. During internships, the students are expected to learn from the workers they are
doing and ask questions. The observation aspect influences the student to re-model behavior to
that which is being performed, which helps them gain the relevant skills according to the
internship. It is important to note that students will not have to watch to learn. They can listen to
verbal instructions and learn too. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5ZBXJRjTUo
8. The Social Cognitive Learning Theory Cont.
The theory showing that there is a close relationship between internship and cognitive
learning.
The recognition that internal cognitive or mental states also influences learning is the same
case with internships.
The sense of pride that can be achieved or the motivation to feel accomplished, which are all
part of intrinsic reinforcement, can influence faster learning during the internship.
This theory shows that there is a close relationship between internship and cognitive learning.
Cognitive learning looks at the influences of mental processes on learning. The presence of
internal reinforcement factors may influence learning during internships. For instance, the
internal motivation to feel a sense of pride or accomplishment for completing an internship may
contribute to better learning. However, it is important to recognize that learning will not always
lead to a change in behavior as people can gain new information without demonstrating changes.
9. Applied literature
Bukalya et al. (2012)- The Potential Benefits and Challenges of an Internship Program in an
ODL institution.
The rationale of the study- There has been an existing gap in the quality of graduates
produced and the market needs necessitating the introduction of internships for most
universities.
Overview of the study- the difference between the students that the authors taught in class
and the market's needs.
Methodology (key elements)- mixed methodology- qualitative and quantitative methods for
data collection and analysis.
Bukaliya et al. (2012), in their study, sought to analyze the potential benefits and challenges of
an internship program in an ODL institution. The study came about after realizing the existing
gaps between the quality of graduates produced and the needs of the market. The difference was
specifically notable in the students that the authors taught and the job market demands, which
necessitated some mitigation steps of incorporating internships into the training. The
methodology was both qualitative and quantitative for data collection and analysis.
10. Applied Literature Cont.
Key findings related to your hypothesis- internships are important for students.
Internships improve the experience and exposure of students.
The research found that internships are an important part of students. This is because they
promote the exposure of the students. They see what is happening in the industry and get an
opportunity to practice it, creating exposure. The student can also have increased levels of
experience as they have interacted with people practicing in the field and learned a lot in the
process.
11. Applied Literature Cont.
Design- A good design that captured the entire situation of internships
Appropriate methods- mixed methodology as an appropriate method
How do the findings relate to your hypothesis/thesis- the findings relate to the current study
as they highlight the importance of internships and the need for them to be improved in the
future
The study was appropriately designed as it captured the past and the present of internships. The
study used a mixed methodology, which was the most appropriate methodology for this study.
This is because it led to the application of the right methods, qualitative and quantitative. The
findings relate to the current study as they highlight the importance of internships. They also
discuss how internships can be improved in the future to ensure that they are beneficial to all the
stakeholders in the learning process.
12. Applied Literature Cont.
Ralph & Walker (2015)- Mentorship in the Practicum: Post-Interns’ Perspectives
The rationale of the study- The need to understand from former interns the effectiveness of
internship programs.
Overview of the study- and exploration of the relationship between the different factors
affecting young employees and internship programs.
Methodology (key elements)- qualitative data collection and analysis
Ralph & Walker (2015) studied post intern perspectives on mentorship in practicum. The
rationale for the study was the need to identify former interns' perspectives on the effectiveness
of internship programs. The study explored the relationships between the different factors
affecting young employees and internship programs. The data collection and analysis methods
that the study adopted were qualitative.
13. Applied Literature Cont.
Key findings-internship has a positive impact on the behavior of the learners and the
exposure.
Internship ensures that the learners at any given time possess the skills that are needed in the
market.
The key findings related to the current research are that internships positively impact the
behavior of learners and their exposure. It also ensures the acquisition of the right skills at any
given time in the industry. This is because internships provide real-time information instead of
classrooms where the information may be a little bit outdated, leading to a gap in the
marketplace.
14. Applied Literature Cont.
Design- A design that incorporated information over a span of five years, making it an
effective study design
Appropriate methods- qualitative methodology
How findings relate to your hypothesis/thesis- The findings relate to the hypothesis in that
they provide information showing that an internship helps the learners broaden their
perception and be independent in their professions.
The research design adopted in this study collected data over a span of five years. This data gave
quite diverse findings in that the opinions of the respondents evolved as the world continued to
evolve and recognize the importance of internships. The use of qualitative methodology was also
effective. The findings relate to the hypothesis in that they provide information showing that an
internship helps the learners broaden their perception and be independent in their professions.
15. Applied Literature Cont.
Anjum (2018)- Impact of internship programs on the professional and personal development
of business students.
The study's rationale- the need to explore the roles that internships have on better transition
for students as they enter the work environment.
Overview of the study- internships positively affect transitions as the students will have had
prior experience in the work environment.
Methodology (key elements)- qualitative data collection and analysis
Anjum (2018) studied the impact of internship programs on business students' professional and
personal development. The rationale for this study was to explore the roles that internships
played on learning and, consequently, the student's smooth transition to a professional. The
transition is never an easy one as the student without an internship may only have theoretical
knowledge. The method used for the study was qualitative data collection and analysis.
16. Applied Literature Cont.
Key findings
Internships link classroom knowledge and workplace experiences.
Internships have a positive impact on the transition for the student.
The limitation of the lack of coordination between academic providers and companies on
internship issues is likely to lead to negative outcomes.
The study's key findings are that internships link classroom knowledge and work experiences,
which makes them have a positive impact on the transition of the student. However, there is a
lack of coordination between academic providers and companies on internship issues that often
leads to a mismatch of expectations from the two parties.
17. Applied Literature Cont.
Design- A descriptive design, specifically a case study that helps give specific information
about the value of internships from the respondents' perspectives.
Appropriate methods- qualitative methodology
How findings relate to your hypothesis/thesis- The findings relate to the hypothesis in that
they provide information showing that an internship will help in a positive transition to the
work environment.
The research design is appropriate as it helps to describe the experiences of the population of
study effectively. It also narrows down the sample size, which creates a true depiction of the
experiences. The qualitative methods of analysis and data collection are also appropriate to offer
specific insights into the study's subject. The findings relate to the current study's hypothesis in
that they provide information showing that an internship will help in a positive transition to the
work environment.
Discussion
18. Summary
Internships have a positive influence on the learners, the hiring organizations, and the
instructors.
Cognitive learning has a close relationship with internships.
Undoubtingly, internships have a positive influence on the learners, the hiring organizations, and
the instructors. Through cognitive learning, the students understand new concepts or put to
practice the existing concepts. This proves that cognitive learning has a close relationship with
internships. The hiring organizations can also get good employees from some of the interns,
creating a positive and lasting impact. Instructors also understand the needs of the market and the
gaps that they need to fill, which informs their curriculum revision.
19. Recommendations
Institutions should enhance internship effectiveness.
The enhancement of internship effectiveness will promote learning.
One of the recommendations from this research is that institutions should enhance internship
effectiveness. Not all institutions have compulsory internship initiatives, which means that their
students are missing out on an important phase that would help them transition into the work
environment. This will also promote continuous learning for all the stakeholders involves in the
learning process.
20. Recommendations Cont.
The findings applications to;
Institutions of learning
Employers and their organizations.
The findings of this research are relevant to institutions of learning and employers and their
organizations. Institutions of learning can use these findings to strengthen the internship
programs that are existent in terms of the length and the strategies for collaboration with
employment organizations. The recommendations are important to employers who would like to
use internships as the route to the recruitment of new employees. It is also important to
institutions fused in churning out graduates who are skilled in the job market.
21. Future Research
Future research on the perceptions about internships from business organizations and
schools.
A study on the relationship between the length of internships and the cognitive learning
outcomes.
One area for future research is on the perceptions about internships from business organizations
and learning institutions. This will seek to understand whether they attribute the same level of
importance to internships as the students. The other area that could be of research interest is the
relationship between the length of internships and the cognitive learning outcomes. This will
inform future policy on whether having lengthy internships is related to more successful learning
outcomes.
22. Importance of the Topic
The topic is important in looking at the way of enhancing the effectiveness of internship
programs.
Aids future researchers on data about the current internship procedures and impacts on the
students, organization, and learning institutions.
This topic is important in looking at the way of enhancing the effectiveness of internship
programs in the learning of undergraduate students. It also serves to help future researchers on
the relationship between internships and cognitive learning. There is data about various literature
on the topic, specifically on internship procedures and their application in the present day, which
is useful information for future researchers.
23. Conclusion
All institutions of higher learning should practice internships.
They create a student ready for the real world and enhanced professionalism.
All institutions of higher learning should ensure that they implement internship programs. This is
likely to increase the lucrativeness of their offerings and make them a hunting ground for
organizations as we move towards a more collaborative approach. The internship programs will
create a student ready for the real world from the enhanced professionalism that they will have
gained. Further, it is important to ensure that the learning taking place in the classroom well
collaborates with effective internship programs.
24. Assessment of Research Paper Writing Process
The beginning of the writing topic
Brainstorming
Drafting the outline and a review of the existing literature.
The research writing process was both challenging and fulfilling. It provided the opportunity to
expand my critical thinking skills and learn a lot about cognitive learning and internships. My
writing process started with brainstorming, where I reflected on the topic—the second step was
drafting the outline to guide me in writing the paper. When drafting the outline, I reviewed the
articles which are important for the research paper.
25. Assessment of Research Paper Writing Process Cont.
Lessons from the writing process
Brainstorming is important before drafting any piece of work.
The assignment is an important facet of understanding the art of acquiring and retaining
sales, which will help in improvement in my career world.
The writing process provided important lessons for life and the professional world. From the
writing process, I have learned that braining storming is important before even one can draft the
outline to come up with a good paper. This assignment will help me understand the art of
acquiring and retaining ideas, which will help me in my career.
References
Anjum, S. (2020). Impact of internship programs on business students' professional and personal
development: a case study from Pakistan. Future Business Journal, 6(1), 1-13.
Bukaliya, R., Region, M. E., & Marondera, Z. I. M. B. A. B. W. E. (2012). The potential benefits
and challenges of internship programs in an ODL institution: A case for the Zimbabwe
Open University. International journal on new trends in education and their
implications, 3(1), 118-133.
Johnson, K. W. (2018). A Case Study Exploration of Internships in Undergraduate Business
Education.
Lievens, F., & Sackett, P. R. (2012). The validity of interpersonal skills assessment via
situational judgment tests for predicting academic success and job performance. Journal
of Applied Psychology, 97(2), 460.
Ralph, E. G., & Walker, K. D. (2014). Mentorship in the practicum: Post-interns’ perspectives.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(8), 1-10.
