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Introduction
Relationships are part of everyday life. Knowing how relationships are constructed
and maintained is important. Helping others is a type of relationship. All these topics are
presented in this section of the class.,
Body
Relationships
A relationship usually starts after an initial attraction. Several factors influence the
initial attraction. When two people live in the same area, they are more likely to be attracted
to each other. This is called the proximity effect (Kassin et al, 2021). Similarly, attraction
happens more easily when people are exposed to each other often. This effect is called the
mere exposure effect and the person is usually unaware of it (Zajonc, 1968). Attractiveness
also plays a role in attraction. However, beauty standards vary from one culture to another
(Kassin et al, 2021). Generally, men will be more attracted to youth and physically attractive
women, but women tend to be more attracted to the ability of their partner to provide and
protect.
Several types of relationships exist. Exchange relationships require direct reciprocity,
while communal relationships do not require direct repayment. Children tend to develop
different relationship styles depending on what happens during their childhood. Three styles
can be observed and they are secure, anxious, and avoidant (Hazand & Shaver, 1987).
Passionate love is another type of relationship that can be observed. It is very intense and can
become obsessive. This attraction tends to fade over time (Kassin et al, 2021)). After passion,
companionate love can develop. This type of love can last a long time and is filled with
intimacy and commitment (Kassin et al, 2021).,
Social identity is obtained through self-categorization and plays a role in relationships
(Chadee, 2022). The social identity theory states that people tend to compare the in-group
Esther Kinder Attraction
with the out-group a lot (Chadee, 2022). Status influences the ingroup bias. High-status
groups tend to have more of this bias. Low-status groups tend to have more social creativity
and competition (Chadee, 2022). However, someone doesn't need to have only one identity.
Multiple categorization is possible (Chadee, 2022).
Finding and keeping a mate
Culture has a big influence on the way someone chooses a mate. However, Passion
tends to be found in every culture (Kassin et al. 2021). Gender can also play a role in how the
other person is perceived, Men view the world in a more sexualized way than women.
However, the equity theory states that the best relationships are when there is a balance
between benefits and contributions from both partners (Kassin et al, 2021). Sexual orientation
is most likely a mix of biological and psychological factors (Kassin et al. 2021). However,
same-sex relationships follow the same patterns as heterosexual relationships (Kassin et al.
2021).,
Most people think that their life would be easier if they were more attractive. But
social psychology shows that, if physical attractiveness can bring some social benefits, it does
not contribute to well-being (Kassin et al. 2021).
Relationships evolve over time and go through different phases. The first passionate
stage, the honeymoon stage, declines after some time, and so does marital satisfaction (Kassin
et al. 2021). A drip can be observed in the first and eighth years (Kassin et al. 2021). Conflicts
are also part of a relationship’s evolution and often appear because of poor communication.
Relationships can end when there is a strong social reaction. It is often caused by perceived
unfairness and violation of the unwritten rules (Leary et al. 2015).,
Helping others
Some people find that helping others comes naturally, while others struggle with it.
Some people might help others out of reciprocal altruism. When they help someone, they do it
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in the prospect of being helped back when needed (Kassin et al. 2021). Indirect reciprocity
happens when someone thinks that helping someone increases their chances of being helped
by someone else (Roberts, 2015). The belief in karma is a good example of indirect
reciprocity. Helping others brings satisfaction to the giver and improves mental and physical
health. The negative state relief model proposes that people help to improve ba meed (Kassin
et al. 2021).
Helping others can also depend on the situation. When there is a group, the presence of other
people decreases the chance of one person helping someone else. This is called the bystander
effect (Kassi et al. 2021). TImepressure can also decrease the likeliness of helping (Kassin et
al. 2021).,
Mood is another factor playing into helping. A good mood increases the chances of
helping in order to maintain a positive the good mood (Kassin et al. 2021). Bad moods can be
improved by helping (Kasisn et al. 2021). Interestingly, genetics can also play a role in
helping, which can explain why some people have a natural tendency to help while others
don’t (Kasisn et al 2021). Agreeableness, humility, empathy, and morals are also good
predictors of help (Kassin et al. 2021). Women tend to show more empathy and be more
intuitive, which increases altruism. This trait has not been observed in men (Rand et al, 2016)
Some people receive more help than others. Attractiveness, being a woman, friends and
family, connection, culture, and ingroup biyas are all factors that increase the chances of
someone getting help.,
Conclusion:
Differences and traits can be observed throughout the different types of relationships.
Many factors influence how someone behaves and forms relationships. Knowing the most
common traits can be useful in building healthy and long-lasting relationships.
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References
Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses
tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12(1), 1-49.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00023992
Chadee, D. (2022).,Theories in social psychology (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN:
9781119627883.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
Kassin, S., Fein, S., & Markus, H. R. (2021).,Social psychology,(11th ed). Cengage Learning.
ISBN: 9780357122846
Leary, M. R., Diebels, K. J., Jongman-Sereno, K. P., & Fernandez, X. D. (2015). Why
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exchange rule violations. The Journal of Social Psychology, 155(6), 559–575.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1084985
Rand, D. G., Brescoll, V. L., Everett, J. a. C., Capraro, V., & Barcelo, H. (2016). Social
heuristics and social roles: Intuition favors altruism for women but not for men. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(4), 389–396.
https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000154
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Roberts, G. (2015). Indirect reciprocity: Generosity encourages generosity. Current Biology,
25(10), R369-R371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.044
Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social
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