1
Psychological Factors Between Stress and Immune Function
Jason Dodson
School of Behavioral Sciences, Liberty University
PSYC 380: Physiological Psychology
Professor Pearce
March 4, 2024
2
Psychological Factors Between Stress and Immune Function
Stress coping strategies reveal a unique interplay between psychological strategies and
immune system factors, such as the ways in which coping mechanisms influence immune
function, contributing to a more complete understanding of the stress-immune system
relationship. In response to the question, “How do different stress coping strategies correlate
with the immune system in individuals?” This paper will examine ways in which psychological
factors mediate the relationship between stress and immune function.
Introduction
When assessing how people manage stress, there is a complicated connection between
psychological strategies and immune system function. Researchers gather insights about the
relationships between stress and the immune system by investigating how coping mechanisms
affect immune system function, resulting in a more complete understanding of this connection.
The body's response to chronic stress is to activate the adrenal cortex and immune system, and
the resulting increase in cytokines causes the same symptoms as an illness (Kalat, 2024).
Impact of Sleep on the Immune System
Correia et al.'s (2021) research contributes substantially to understanding the extensive
link between stress-coping techniques, psychological mechanisms, and immune system function.
The study emphasizes the significance of sleep as a fundamental component of brain health and
its regulation by the circadian clock, which is relevant to understanding how coping mechanisms
affect immune function. The value of this research comes from its real-world application, as
evidenced by the prospective investigation into COVID-19 patients. This study found that poor
sleep quality during hospitalization is associated with delayed immunological recovery and a
3
higher requirement for intensive care, stressing the practical importance of stress management
and sleep regulation for immune system resilience.
The research's advantages involve a focus on real-world results and an investigation of
the mutual relationship between sleep, mental health issues, and immunological function. By
examining these relationships in a clinical context, the study offers light on potential therapies
for boosting immune system function in those who have stress-related sleep disorders. However,
limitations may include the retrospective nature of some assessments and potential confounding
variables that were not considered in the study design. Additionally, while the study provides
information on the relationships between sleep, mental health, and immune function, further
long-term studies are required to confirm causation and understand the mechanisms behind
Overall, this study addresses and demonstrates how coping techniques, such as sleep
management, affect immune system function and resilience. Researchers can gain a better
understanding of the interplay between psychological strategies, stress management, and the
immune system by looking into these relationships in both clinical and experimental settings.
This, in turn, can inform interventions to promote overall well-being and resilience in individuals
facing stress.
Depressive Symptoms on the Immune System
Pearlstein et al. (2020) provide valuable support for my thesis statement by investigating
the relationship between stress, immune response, and the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral
therapy (CBT) in reducing depression symptoms. This is particularly in youth with bipolar
disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder. This work is directly related to my interest in
understanding how coping processes influence immune system function in response to stress.
The significance of this study comes from the examination of the potential benefits of employing
4
psychobiological responses to stress as predictors of CBT outcomes. By comparing changes in
inflammatory response to laboratory psychosocial stress induction before and after the
intervention, the study offers insight into the relationship between stress, immune function, and
treatment interventions for mood disorders in adolescence.
The study's strengths include its focus on a particular age group (young people with BD
and MDD) and the implementation of a standardized CBT intervention for mood disorders. The
study uses laboratory psychosocial stress induction to offer controlled circumstances for testing
immune response alterations, which improves the reliability and validity of the results. However,
drawbacks might involve a small sample size and other factors that were not considered in the
study design. Plus, while the study looks at changes in the inflammatory response as a possible
predictor of CBT outcomes, more research is needed to understand the underlying processes and
long-term impacts of CBT on immunological function in kids with mood disorders.
Overall, the study by Pearlstein et al. (2020) demonstrates how coping techniques, such
as CBT, might alter immune system function and resilience in people suffering from stress-
related mood disorders. By exploring these connections in a clinical setting and analyzing
immune response modifications, Researchers can gain insight into the efficacy of therapeutic
interventions in improving both mental and physical health outcomes in patients exposed to
stressors.
Adaptation of Stress on the Immune System
Takács et al.'s (2021) research presents helpful knowledge of coping skills as an integral
component of the psychological immune system, which is consistent with the statement theory,
which focuses on understanding the relationship between coping mechanisms and immune
system function in response to stress. The significance of this study is its assessment of coping
5
skills as necessary for successful adaptation to changing situations, particularly in the context of
university students experiencing various societal difficulties. The study compares students from
three different groups (pre-2004, pre-Covid, and post-Covid) and finds significant changes in
coping skills, particularly self-regulation and resilience. The findings indicate that students from
the pre-2004 group had greater levels of coping skills than those in the pre- and post-Covid
groups.
Takács et al.'s (2021) strengths include a longitudinal approach and the comparison of
students from different periods, which allows for an assessment of changes in coping skills over
the years. By concentrating on psychological immunity and its possible decline over time, the
study highlights the necessity of interventions that maintain and improve coping skills to
enhance resilience in dealing with stress. Limitations to the study may include potential
confounding variables that were overlooked in the study, such as individual differences in coping
techniques and external influences influencing psychological immune function. Also, while the
study stresses the relevance of coping abilities in adapting to changing environments, more
research is needed to determine the pathways by which coping mechanisms influence immune
system function.
In general, Takács et al. (2021) demonstrate how coping skills benefit the psychological
immune system and how it's able to adapt to stressors. Understanding the elements that influence
coping skills and resilience allows for the development of therapies to help individuals maintain
and improve their psychological immunity, improving general well-being while dealing with any
adversity they may face.
The Impact of Psychosocial Stress on the Immune System
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Antoni & Dhabhar's (2019) article discusses a wide range of psychosocial stress factors
and processes as they relate to immune variables in cancer populations, which is similar to my
thesis statement about understanding the relationship between coping mechanisms and immune
system response to stress. This study has significance because it examines psychosocial stress
components and processes, such as chronic stress, distress states, coping, and social adversity, as
well as their impact on immunological factors in cancer populations. Synthesizing molecular,
cellular, and clinical research offers promising insights into the effects of stress mechanisms and
stress-management therapies on immune function, which may influence cancer development and
treatment results.
The research's strengths include a multidisciplinary approach that brings together
research ranging from basic psychoneuroimmunology to clinical investigations, as well as a
focus on theoretically driven and empirically supported stress-management strategies. By
reviewing both animal models and human research, the article provides an in-depth
comprehension of the processes that support the links between psychosocial stress and immune
function in cancer. However, limitations may include the variability of study designs and
techniques throughout the evaluated literature, affecting the generalizability of findings. Also,
while the study focuses on the potential advantages of stress-management therapies in clinical
cancer care, more research is needed to discover the most effective approaches and their effects
on immunological factors and cancer outcomes.
In summary, Antoni & Dhabhar (2019) connect to my purpose statement by providing a
thorough overview of the association between psychosocial stressors, coping strategies, and
immunological characteristics in cancer patients. Understanding the processes by which stress
influences immune function in cancer makes it possible to develop therapies that support
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patients' psychological well-being while also enhancing their immunological responses,
potentially improving cancer treatment results and quality of life.
Stress on the Brain’s Health
The article by Aricioglu & Cetin (2020) points out the importance of sleep for the brain's
health and its effects on many physiological functions. It underlines the link between interrupted
sleep patterns and emotional and cognitive issues. The circadian system regulates sleep by
synchronizing daily sleep-wake cycles using clock genes that control physiological rhythms
(Kalat, 2024). Circadian rhythm disruptions have been linked to sleep difficulties and a variety of
chronic diseases, including viral and autoimmune ailments, emphasizing the significance of
immune-clock interactions. The research findings in the article are relevant to my topic of
investigating the intricate relationship between psychological strategies, stress management, and
immune system function. Aricioglu & Centi (2020) emphasize the relevance of sleep as a coping
mechanism in stress management by addressing its critical role in brain health and impact on
physiological systems such as immunological function.
The article's approach is solid because it includes a complete evaluation of literature from
multiple fields such as neuroscience, immunology, and psychiatry. By combining study findings
from multiple fields of study, this article provides a comprehensive knowledge of the links
between sleep, stress, and immune function. A significant issue could be a lack of primary
research data, as the study is mostly based on reviewing current material.
This study relates to my objective statement by establishing how sleep problems, which
are typical stress-related concerns, may hinder immune system function. The findings draw
attention to the bilateral link between stress-related sleep problems, such as those seen in mental
diseases like MDD and BD, and immune system functioning. The article's examination of
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pharmacological therapies for sleep disorders suggests the significance of addressing sleep
abnormalities as part of stress management measures to improve overall immune function.
Overall, this study stresses the importance of sleep as a key component of stress
management and its consequences for immune system function. Understanding how sleep
disorders affect immune function leads to a better understanding of the relationships between
psychological strategies, stress management, and immunological health.
Coping Methods and Physiological Correlation
The findings presented in the article by Kanitz et al. (2019) are important to my research
on the correlation between coping methods, stress reactions, and immune function. The article
looks into the topic of coping styles in animals, focusing on proactive and reactive patterns of
coping actions and their physiological correlations. These coping methods are associated with
individual differences in stress reactions, immunological function, and vulnerability to immune-
mediated illnesses.
One advantage of the methodology is the incorporation of behavioral, neurological, and
immune system tests to describe coping methods in the pigs. The study gives an in-depth
overview of how coping techniques influence stress responses and immune activation profiles by
categorizing pigs as proactive, reactive, or intermediate. Furthermore, including both baseline
and stress groups helps in the investigation of coping style-dependent changes in response to
stressors.
On the other hand, one potential limitation is the small sample size and potential biases
induced by selecting pigs based on specified characteristics, such as back test behavior and
health status. Also, while the study utilizes pigs as a model organism, the results should be
extended to other species with caution due to species-specific differences in brain development
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and stress responses. research's investigation of the link between coping techniques and immune
activation profiles helps to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying stress-induced
immunological deregulation and disease vulnerability.
Overall, this study highlights the need to consider coping methods when studying stress
reactions and immune function in animals, since this may have implications for understanding
stress-related health outcomes in people.
Coping Strategies in Cancer Survivorship
The findings of the study by Perez-Telada et al. (2019) contribute to a better
understanding of how coping techniques influence both psychological distress and physiological
reactions among breast cancer survivors. This research focuses on the need to evaluate coping
mechanisms in oncologic care, particularly for people dealing with the burden of cancer
survivorship. By identifying passive coping as a risk factor for increased levels of psychological
distress and immune-endocrine disruption, the study stresses the importance of focused
interventions that influence coping techniques to improve overall well-being.
One of Perez-Telada et al.'s (2019) strengths is the integrative methodology, which
combines self-report measures of coping with objective assessments of biological markers. This
meticulous approach offers a more nuanced understanding of the complicated interplay of coping
methods, psychological well-being, and physiological functioning in breast cancer survivors.
Yet, it is important to recognize the study's limitations, such as the use of convenience sampling
and a small sample size, which may limit the generalizability of the data. To be certain that the
results are more widely applicable, future studies should use larger and more diverse samples.
Ultimately, this study reinforces the importance of using a personalized psychological
approach in cancer care, acknowledging the interdependence of psychological, physiological,
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and social aspects in determining patients' outcomes. By separating the relationships between
coping techniques and immune-endocrine function, the study provides important insights for
developing personalized interventions to improve survivors' quality of life and long-term health.
Stress and the Immune System
The research provided by Ishikawa and Furuyashiki (2022) gives light on the more in-
depth interaction between stress and the immune system, which is key for understanding how
people handle stress and how it affects their general well-being. Clinicians pick up a better
understanding of this relationship by looking into how coping mechanisms impact the immune
system's function.
One major result of this article is that stress affects both innate and adaptive immune
responses. While persistent stress can inhibit adaptive cellular and humoral antibodies, it can also
boost innate immune responses under specific situations. This indicates the complexity of stress-
induced immunological responses and their possible involvement in mental health problems such
as depression and anxiety (Ishikawa & Furuyashiki, 2022). The methodology's strengths include
an extensive evaluation of rat data on stress-induced immune responses in both the periphery and
brain. However, drawbacks include a lack of clarity about how brain and peripheral
inflammations interact, as well as a need for deeper investigation into the mechanisms that
underlie brain-periphery interaction.
This study has a close connection to my goal of understanding how people cope with
stress and how it impacts their immune systems. The study contributes to understanding the
physiological and psychological effects of various stress management approaches by defining
how stress influences the immune system's reactions. Lastly, these findings can help to shape
therapies aimed at improving the emotional and physical well-being of stressed individuals.
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Biblical Integration
Although the Bible does not specifically address psychological stress and its effects on
the immune system, there are interpretations that could infer or apply to it, such as Philippians
4:6-7. "Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with
thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all
understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus" , (King James Bible
1769/2017, Philippians 4:6-7). This verse speaks out about the importance of seeking spiritual
and emotional support through prayer and faith in God during difficult circumstances, which can
be related to the idea of coping techniques.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the deep link between stress-coping methods and immune system function
has been explored, giving light on how psychological systems control this complex, yet
sophisticated relationship. The article research papers contribute to help give a better
understanding of the relationship between different stress-coping mechanisms that can aid or hurt
the immune system. The findings indicate the importance of stress management approaches such
as sleep regulation, cognitive-behavioral therapy, coping skills, and psychological therapies in
improving immune system function and resilience. These studies show how stress-coping tactics
affect immunological responses in both the periphery and the brain, giving important insights into
the physiological and psychological consequences of stress management strategies. The
integration of biblical concepts offers an element of faith in dealing with stress. It invites us to
investigate scientific and spiritual methods of stress management to have a deeper awareness of
how it affects our immune system.
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References
Antoni, M. H., & Dhabhar, F. S. (2019). The impact of psychosocial stress and stress management on
immune responses in patients with cancer. Cancer., 125(9), 1417–1431.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31943
Aricioglu, F., & Cetin, M. (2020). A Quadruple Relationship: Sleep, Immune System, Inflammation and
Psychiatric Disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology., 30(3).
https://doi.org/10.5455/pcp.20200823035947
Correia, A. S., Cardoso, A., & Vale, N. (2021). Highlighting Immune System and Stress in Major
Depressive Disorder, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's Diseases, with a Connection with
Serotonin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(16), 8525. doi:
10.3390/ijms22168525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168525
Ishikawa, Y., & Furuyashiki, T. (2022). The impact of stress on immune systems and its relevance to
mental illness. Neuroscience Research, 175, 16-
24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2021.09.005
Kalat, J. W. (2024). Biological Psychology (14th ed.) [Review of Biological PsychologyCengageage learner.
https://ebooks.cenreader.com/#!/reader/36bf1d23-96e4-4c1c-b519-
77962a6be1e5/page/758a39896cdf87baf7a6aadddffd418f
Kanitz, E., Tuchscherer, M., Otten, W., Tuchscherer, A., Zebunke, M., & Puppe, B. (2019). Coping Style of
Pigs Is Associated With Different Behavioral, Neurobiological and Immune Responses to
Stressful Challenges. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13,
173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00173
King James Bible (2017). BibleGateway. https://www.biblegateway.com/Links to an external site.
(Original work published in 1769).
14
Pearlstein, J. G., Staudenmaier, P. J., West, A. E., Geraghty, S., & Cosgrove, V. E. (2020). Immune
response to stress induction as a predictor of cognitive-behavioral therapy outcomes in
adolescent mood disorders: A pilot study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 120, 56-
63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.012
Perez-Tejada, J., Garmendia, Larraitz, BSBIO,M.S., PhD., Labaka, Ainitze, RN, BN,M.S., PhD., Vegas, Oscar,
BS,M.S., PhD., Gómez-Lazaro, E., & Arregi, Amaia, BS,M.S., PhD. (2019). Active and Passive
Coping Strategies. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 23(6), 583-590.
https://doi.org/10.1188/19.CJON.583-590
Takács, R., Takács, S., T Kárász, J., Horváth, Z., & Oláh, A. (2021). Exploring Coping Strategies of Different
Generations of Students Starting University. Frontiers in Psychology, 12,
740569. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.740569
15
Appendix
Instruction Example
Step
One
Begin with a general
topic.
Biological Psychology
Step
Two
Narrow your general
topic by selecting a topic from
one chapter title in our textbook.
Chapter 11: Emotional Behaviors
Step
Three
Read that section in the
textbook to gain a general
understanding.
Coping with Stress (pg. 377)
Step
Four
Ask a research question
to begin your investigation.
How does stress coping strategies influence the immune system?
Step
Five
Begin your search to
determine what has been
discovered on your topic. This
will be a preliminary look at the
topic. Feel free to flag articles that
look like they may be helpful but
don’t be in a hurry to create a
final list.
Research Tips:
1. Make a list of key words from the section of our textbook
pertaining to your topic to use as search terms. Stress, Coping, Influence,
Immune, System
2. Search for one of the articles cited in our textbook in the JF
Library. Your search will produce a list of related articles.
3. Type your research question in the Google Scholar search box to
locate related articles. Within Google Scholar you can then look at the “Cited
By” articles as well as the “Related Articles.” Type your research question or
search phrase here.
4. Remember to narrow your search to include only articles from
16
the last five years.
5. In the JFL search engine you can specify the date range, the type
of article, etc.
List the limiters you used in your search (example date range, peer-
reviewed, etc. Date range (5 years), peer-reviewed, English, Full Text
Online, Online eBooks.
Step Six Based on what you find
in the literature, formulate a
preliminary purpose/thesis
statement.
Your thesis statement
should:
1. Answer your research
question by identifying
your topic,
2. State your position,
and
3. Provide evidence to
support your position.
This purpose statement
will likely need to be
adjusted/refined as you work on
your final paper.
Inadequate sleep has a significant impact on learning and memory
due to X, Y, and Z.
Type your preliminary thesis statement here.
Stress coping strategies reveals a unique interplay between
psychological strategies and immune system factors, such ways in which
coping mechanisms influence immune function and contributing to a more
complete understanding of the stress-immune system relationship.
Step Finalize your research
process by choosing at least 8
Sample article list:
17
Seven articles from the JF Library. All 8
must be from peer-reviewed
journals published within the past
5 years. At least 6 of the 8
should describe original
research. Each article must
support your research question
and purpose statement.
How to identify
“original research”
Original research
articles will include the
following sections:
• Abstract
• Introduction (will not
always identified with a label)
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References
The abstract for
original research will likely
include these words:
• Study
• Sample
The abstract for
Replace the articles listed below with APA formatted reference
citations for your selected articles.
1. Antoni, M. H., & Dhabhar, F. S. (2019). The impact of psychosocial
stress and stress management on immune responses in patients
with cancer. , (9), 1417–1431. Cancer. 125
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31943
2. Aricioglu, F., & Cetin, M. (2020). A Quadruple Relationship: Sleep,
Immune System, Inflammation and Psychiatric Disorders.
Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology., 30(3).
https://doi.org/10.5455/pcp.20200823035947
3. Correia, A. S., Cardoso, A., & Vale, N. (2021). Highlighting Immune
System and Stress in Major Depressive Disorder, Parkinson's, and
Alzheimer's Diseases, with a Connection with Serotonin.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(16), 8525. doi:
10.3390/ijms22168525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168525
4. Ishikawa, Y., & Furuyashiki, T. (2022). The impact of stress on
immune systems and its relevance to mental illness.
Neuroscience Research, 175, 16-24.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2021.09.005
5. Kalat, J. W. (2024). (14th ed.) [Review of Biological Psychology
Biological PsychologyCengageage learner.
https://ebooks.cenreader.com/#!/reader/36bf1d23-96e4-4c1c-
b519-77962a6be1e5/page/758a39896cdf87baf7a6aadddffd418f
6. Kanitz, E., Tuchscherer, M., Otten, W., Tuchscherer, A., Zebunke,
M., & Puppe, B. (2019). Coping Style of Pigs Is Associated With
Different Behavioral, Neurobiological and Immune Responses to
Stressful Challenges. , Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13
173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00173
7. Pearlstein, J. G., Staudenmaier, P. J., West, A. E., Geraghty, S., &
Cosgrove, V. E. (2020). Immune response to stress induction as a
predictor of cognitive-behavioral therapy outcomes in adolescent
mood disorders: A pilot study. Journal of Psychiatric Research,
120, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.012
8. Perez-Tejada, J., Garmendia, Larraitz, BSBIO,M.S., PhD., Labaka,
Ainitze, RN, BN,M.S., PhD., Vegas, Oscar, BS,M.S., PhD., Gómez-
Lazaro, E., & Arregi, Amaia, BS,M.S., PhD. (2019). Active and
Passive Coping Strategies. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing,
23(6), 583-590. https://doi.org/10.1188/19.CJON.583-590
9. Takács, R., Takács, S., T Kárász, J., Horváth, Z., & Oláh, A. (2021).
Exploring Coping Strategies of Different Generations of Students
Starting University. , 740569. Frontiers in Psychology, 12
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.740569
10. Wang, J., Zhou, T., Liu, F., Huang, Y., Xiao, Z., Qian, Y., & Zhou, W.
(2023). Influence of gut microbiota on resilience and its possible
mechanisms. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 19(8),
2588-2598. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.82362
18
original research will NOT
include these words:
• Review
• Meta-Analysis
Step
Eight
Create an outline using
evidence you discover in
scholarly articles within the
library to support your purpose
statement.
● List three main
supporting statements
with at least two sub-
points under each main
point.
o One scholarly
article should
be used to
support each
sub-point.
● Remember that you
are not just reviewing
loosely related articles
but are presenting a
Sample:
Replace the sample information below with information based on
your research/topic.
Working Title: Correlation Between Stress and the Immune
System
Thesis Statement: This thesis investigates stress coping strategies
by looking into the complicated relationship between psychological
strategies and immune system conditions, demonstrating multiple ways in
which coping mechanisms influence immune function.
Outline:
I. Introduction When assessing how people manage with stress,
there is a complicated connection between psychological strategies and
immune system function. Researchers gather insights about the relationships
between stress and the immune system by investigating how coping
mechanisms affect immune system function, resulting in a more complete
understanding of this connection. The body's response to chronic stress is by
activating the adrenal cortex and immune system, and the resulting increase
in cytokines causes the same symptoms as an illness (Kalat, 2024).
19
progression of ideas to
support your purpose
statement.
● A Biblical Integration
section should follow
the three main
supporting statements.
Include two sub-points
each identifying a
Biblical concept (with
reference) that speak
to your topic.
Remember that your
final paper will also
include an Introduction
and Conclusion section
along with transition
and synthesis
statements to create a
smooth flow of ideas.
II. First point of evidence:
The article by Correia et al. (2021) supports the thesis
statement by going into the extensive relationship between stress coping
strategies, psychological mechanisms, and immune system irregularities.
The investigation of sleep as a critical component in brain health and its
exact regulation via the circadian clock is consistent with the focus of the
impact of coping strategies on immune function. A retrospective study
on COVID-19 patients provides a real-world example, revealing that
poor sleep quality during hospitalization is associated with delayed
immunological recovery and an increased requirement for intensive
care. It also supports the concept by investigating the mutual link
between sleep and mental diseases, focusing on the prevalence of sleep
problems in people with conditions such as major depressive disorder.
A. (Correia et al., 2021)
III. Second point of evidence:
Pearlstein et al. (2020) provide useful backing for the thesis
statement by examining the relationship between stress, immune
response, and the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in
reducing depression symptoms in youth with bipolar disorder (BD) and
major depressive disorder (MDD). The study addresses the potential
benefits of using the psychobiological reaction to stress as a predictor of
CBT outcomes. The researchers used a 10-session group-CBT
intervention for mood disorders and assessed changes in inflammatory
response to laboratory psychosocial stress induction before and after the
intervention.
A. (Pearlstein et al.,2020)
III. Third point of evidence:
Takács et al. (2021) evaluate coping skills as an essential part
of the psychological immune system, focusing on its significance in
20
successful adaptation to changing conditions. A comparison of
university students of three different ages (pre-2004, pre-Covid, and
post-Covid) recognizes significant differences in coping skills,
particularly on the self-regulatory system and resiliency. Students from
2004 scored much higher in these areas than those in the pre- and post-
Covid groups. The results imply that students' psychological immune
ability may diminish over time, stressing the importance of interventions
in maintaining and increasing psychological immunity.
A. (Pearlstein et al., 2020)
IV. Biblical Integration – how do Biblical principles connect to
this topic?
Although the bible does not specifically address psychological
stress and its effects on the immune system, there are interpretations that
could infer or apply to it, such as Philippians 4:6-7. ""Do not be anxious
about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with
thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which
transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ
Jesus" (King James Bible, 1769/2017, Philippians 4:6-7).This verse speaks
out about the importance of seeking spiritual and emotional support through
prayer and faith in God during difficult circumstances, which can be related
to the idea of coping techniques.
V. Conclusion
Step
Nine
Pull it all together using
APA formatting standards
(student version).
Include all of the
following items in a separate
document:
● Title page (formatted
A template for an APA (student) paper is available here:
https://dcfwfuaf91uza.cloudfront.net/online/wp-content/uploads/APA-7th-
Template-Undergraduate.dotm
To use this template, please download a copy and replace the
template text with the information you have gathered.
21
according to APA
student standards).
● One page with your
research question and
purpose statement.
● One page with your
simple outline.
● Reference page with all
sources listed (8 peer-
reviewed journal
articles, the course
textbook, and the
Bible).
● The Topic & Outline
Development Chart
should also be included
as an Appendix after
your Reference page.
NOTE: Do not include
any sources obtained
outside of our library
(no magazine articles,
wikis, blog posts, etc.)
To review general formatting rules:
https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/apa-guide/
Step
Ten
Final Steps
● Review content
● Review formatting
● Self-check using the
assignment
instructions and
grading rubric.
