APA Review
Kristi Carson
Liberty University
PSYC255
Professor Rachel Burger
April 10 , 2023
th
APA Review
According to the seventh edition APA publication manual, personal communications refer
to all works not retrievable by readers. This means that the work cited as personal
communications is not accessible publicly. Instructions on how personal communications can be
properly formatted are found in section 8.7. They are cited within the text of the paper with
details of the author's initials, their last name, the communication type, and the date provided. It
is important to ensure that personal communications are only used when the information the
provider provides cannot be retrieved from any other public source. It is, therefore, important to
ensure that they are only used judiciously and only when they are the only alternative.
Different levels of headings are important in any document that is properly formatted.
They offer an organized and clear structure, making it easy for readers to navigate the document
since they can locate information quickly. The level 1 headings are capitalized, bolded and
centered. They are used to introduce the main topic or section of the documents or paper. Level
two headings are aligned to the left, capitalized and bolded, and are meant to divide the main
sections of the paper into subsections. The level three headings are also bolded and left-aligned
but written in sentences, ending with a full stop. Their purpose is to provide further subdivision
of the subsection into even the smaller sections. The level four headings, like level 3, are also in
sentence case and end with a period but are italicized. They are also used to divide subsections
into smaller sections. The final level of headings is the level 5 headings, which are similar to
level four headings except that they are not italicized.
Determination of which heading is labeled to apply is easy as one only needs to decide on
the relationships and hierarchy between the document sections.
This is an alphanumeric code that is uniquely assigned to digital objects. A DOI makes it easy to
identify this object on the internet. Repositories and publishers are often responsible for the
assignment of DOIs.
As a researcher, I value a DOI because, with it, the integrity and accuracy of my
references are guaranteed. Including it in the reference list provides a reliable and public link to
this source. Readers of my document can access this source many years from the publication
date.
Students, staff, and faculty of Liberty University have access to several resources. Its
extensive collection of print and digital resources has made this possible. Navigating through the
website allows an individual to access a vast collection of books in print books, audiobooks, and
eBooks, all covering a broad range of subjects. The website allows access to many scholarly
articles and journals across the disciplines in print and digital formats.
This library website also allows access to numerous databases with materials such as
JSTOR, and Academic Search Complete, among others, scholarly articles, primary sources, and
eBooks. Accessing the celebrity website also offers the students, faculty members, and staff
access to media resources, special collections such as rare books, local history materials and
archives, services, and research tools. Additionally, faculty and students are provided access to
the internet or a loan through which they can request access to materials unavailable at the
library.
Sometimes I need resources not directly available in the Jerry Falwell library. I can use
one of the following three approaches to acquire scholarly sources. The first one is the
interlibrary loan. Requesting the interlibrary loan allows me to request materials from other
libraries since those sources are not at my local library. The interlibrary loan form is available
through the library website, and its approval is emailed to me. Secondly, I can use Google
Scholar. This search engine gives me access to scholarly articles and other materials. Google
Scholar is accessible through the library website since it is linked to my liberty university
account. Finally, I can access this material from library databases that the Jerry Falwell library
provides me access to. They include JSTOR, Academic Search Complete, and ProQuest. These
databases allow me access to sources relevant to my research topic, and the sources are peer-
reviewed and high-quality. They will not be available through general web searches.
Formatting Guidelines for Different Sources
Religious and Classical Works.
To cite these works, use the following format (Publication Manual, 7th ed., p. 347). The
In-text citation is (Author, Year, p. or chap. or verse number), and the reference entry follows the
format Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Publisher. DOI or URL (if available) example of an
in-text citation is (Bible, King James Version, John 3:16).
Introduction to Research Textbook.
To cite a textbook, the following format is used (Publication Manual, 7th ed., pp. 324-
325). The In-text citation follows the format (Author, Year, p. number) and the Reference entry
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. (Leedy & Ormrod, 2022, p. 45) is an example of
an in-text citation.
Unpublished Manuscript.
For these works, the following format is followed as follows (Publication Manual, 7th
ed., pp. 347-348), (Author, Year) for the intext citation and Reference entry as Author, A. A.
(Year). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript [or doctoral dissertation/ master's thesis].
Name of Institution. (Smith, 2021) is an example of an in-text citation in this case
APA Publication Manual.
For this citation, the format is as follows (Publication Manual, 7th ed., p. 329):
(American Psychological Association [APA], Year, p. number) for the intext citation and
American Psychological Association. (Year). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (7th ed.). Publisher for the Reference entry. An example is (American Psychological
Association [APA], 2020, p. 29)
Scholarly Journal Article with a DOI.
The following format is used (Publication Manual, 7th ed., p. 316): For the intext
citation, (Author, Year, p. number) and for the reference entry, Author, A. A. (Year). Title of
article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), page numbers. DOI. An example is
(Brown & Lee, 2019, p. 25)
References
Association, A. P. (2019). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.
Bible, King James Version. (n.d.). John 3:16.
Brown, M. C., & Lee, T. (2019). The effects of mindfulness meditation on stress and
anxiety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(2), 20-30.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ap0000203
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2022). Practical research: Planning and design. Pearson.
Smith, J. D. (2021). The impact of social media on mental health. Unpublished manuscript.
Liberty University.
