Health 444: Final
Vector – Animate, living insect or animal that is involved with transmission of disease
agents
Fomite – Inanimate object that carries infectious disease agents
Host – A person or other living animal, birds, and arthropods, that affords subsistence or
lodgment to an infectious agent under natural conditions.
Infectious diseases – A disease caused by an infectious agent which includes bacteria,
viruses, fungi, parasites, among others.
Zoonotic diseases – An infection or infectious agent transmissible under natural
conditions from vertebrate animals to humans (rabies, anthrax, Toxoplasmosis)
Reservoir – Place where infectious agents normally live and multiply, can be humans,
animals, insects, soils, or plants.
Incubation period – Time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and
appearance of first sign or symptom of disease
Give examples of waterborne, vector-borne, airborne, and sexually transmitted
infections
Waterborne – caused by the presence of infectious disease agents that contaminate the
water supply and in which water is the vehicle of infection. (Cholera, Typhoid fever)
Vector-borne – Bacterial (Lyme disease), arthropod (eastern equine encephalitis),
Parasite (malaria)
Airborne – Droplet spread, covid
Sexual transmitted – HIV/AIDS, gonococcal infections, chlamydial genital infections
Give examples of food-borne illnesses
- Biologic agents of foodborne illness include Bacteria, parasites, viruses, and
prions (mad cow)
- Bacterial (Campylobacter, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, E. coli
Know the examples of SARS transmission
- Droplet nuclei particles in the air
Define terms such as:
-Lifestyle: Choice of behavioral factors that affect how we live
>Often a function of social influences
>Personal behavior is associated with many chronic diseases
>Impact of behavioral factors is not fully recognized
-Stress: a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that
causes bodily or mental tension and may be a factor in
disease causation (EX outcomes of stress: cardiovascular disease, PTSD)
-stressful life events: Stressors (sources of stress) that arise from happenings
such as job loss, financial problems, and death of a close family member (Types
of events: + and – life events, chronic strains)
-chronic strains: Life events that are sustained over a long period of time (EX:
poverty, discrimination)
Identify key aspects of tobacco use epidemiology and related adverse health effects
- Cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco use increase risk of many forms of
adverse health outcomes. (EX: lung disease, cancer, etc.)
- Among adult men, prevalence declined from more than 50% to about
23% (between 1965 and 2005
- Among adult women, prevalence declined from about 30% to about
19% (between 1965 and 2005)
- Prevalence of cigarette smoking among high school students
was 1.9% overall (2021)
-New challenges for youth (rising use of e-cigarettes)
Identify the term passive smoking: Second hand exposure to cigarette smoke
Identify major aspects of alcohol consumption epidemiology and related adverse
health effects
- Age-adjusted death rate for alcohol-induced causes was 13.1 per 100,000 population (2020)
- Rates rose by 7% annually between 2000–2018 and 26% between
2019 and 2020, likely due to ongoing COVID-19 pandemic
-Heavy drinking: women 8 or more drinks per week, men 15 or more per week
Define the term bringe drinking, and its consequences
-Women: 4 or more drinks during a single occasion
- Men: 5 or more drinks during a single occasion
-Binge drinking is also bad among college students because it increases risk of health
problems, STDs, violence, unintentional injuries, possible alcohol poisoning
Identify key aspects of substance abuse epidemiology and related adverse health
effects
Identify adverse health effects of methamphetamine use
-Highly addictive
- Use may result in: Rise in body temperature, Psychotic symptoms, Crank bug, Meth mouth
Distinguish between behavioral, social and psychiatric epidemiology
-Social epidemiology: Discipline that examines “...the social distribution and social
determinants of states of health.”
- Behavioral epidemiology: Study of the role of behavioral factors in health.
- Psychiatric: Studies occurrence of mental disorders in the population
>Variables include age, sex, and other sociodemographic factors.
> Measures frequency of occurrence of mental disorders and factors
related to their etiology
Define:
-Autism: a condition that impairs functioning in the social, communication,
and behavioral domains. (appears generally by age 3, difficulties in cognitive
function, learning, sensory info)
-post-traumatic stress disorder: an anxiety disorder that some people develop
after seeing or living through an event that caused or threatened serious harm or
death
-major depressive disorder: A mental health disorder characterized by
persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant
impairment in daily life
-bipolar disorder: a mental illness that causes extreme shifts in mood, energy,
and activity levels
-dysthymia mood disorder: a mental health condition that involves a chronic
low-level depression that lasts for at least two years
Know prevalence of major depressive episodes in U.S.A.
-Among youths aged 12 to 17, 20% reported a major depressive episode within past year,
74% resulted in severe impairment,
Define such terms as:
-unintentional injury: The term “unintentional injury” is preferred to
“accident” to highlight that many injuries are preventable.
> Fourth most frequent cause of mortality in the U.S. (2021)
>Many are highly preventable
>Leading causes of injury death: poisoning (drug overdose), MVA, firearm, falls
-forensic epidemiology: The use of epidemiological reasoning, knowledge, and
methods in the investigation of public health problems that may have been caused by or
associated with intentional and/or criminal acts
-pharmacoepidemiology: Application of epidemiologic methods to study of
benefits, risks, and uses of drugs and vaccines in human population
>Example: Study of birth defects associated with thalidomide taken
during pregnancy
-sewage epidemiology:
Identify toxic chemical exposures’ impacts on various human body systems
- DDT
>Use prohibited in the U.S. in 1972 because of possible adverse animal
and human health effects (e.g., damage to bird species)
-Dioxins
>Possible disruptors of immune, endocrine, reproductive, and nervous
systems
-Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
>Dioxin-like chemicals designated as probable human carcinogens
Lead:
-negative effects on central nervous system
Mercury
-hazardous to unborn children
Identify key aspects of occupational epidemiology and hazard exposures
- Occupational epidemiology focuses on adverse health outcomes associated with the
work environment.
- Potential hazards encountered at work
-High noise levels, Fumes and dusts, Toxic chemicals, Biohazards, Stress
- Exposure levels among employees are often much higher than in the general population
-Largest numbers of injuries in 2021 by industry
-Healthcare and social assistance (COVID-19 impact)
-Retail and manufacturing
Know the epidemiology trends of major unintentional injuries and vehicle
accidents in the U.S.A.
-Falls:
In 2020 they caused more than 42,000 deaths.
§Falls are leading cause of fatal and nonfatal injuries for
persons aged 65 years and older.
Define physical dating violence and related prevalences
-The intentional use of physical force to cause harm or fear to a partner in a dating relationship
-Physical dating violence was reported in 9.3% of females and 7.0% of
males. (2019)
- Disparities by race/ethnicity and sexual orientation
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