Running head: UNCONVENTIONAL STATESMAN
Unconventional Statesman
Brittany Horne
HLSC 530 Best Practices Paper
Liberty University
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Abstract
Every President from George Washington to Donald J. Trump goes into the office of the
presidency with their own personal and political interests, their own agenda, and their own ideas
of what constitutes national security. Each President goes into office with an inherited set of
circumstances that the American citizenry expects them to handle and fix. A mandate on which
they were elected. This paper will look specifically into the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt
and Donald J. Trump, compare their similarities and differences, with snippets about other
presidents who may have positively or negatively influenced their policies. Academics, scholars,
and political pundits would likely concur that Donald J. Trump is an unconventional statesman.
A policymaker more in the mode of Franklin D. Roosevelt. This paper will examine their
unconventional management styles and the impact of their presidency on domestic and foreign
affairs and national security.
Keywords: President Donald J. Trump, Franklin D. Roosevelt, national security
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Note to Readers
For this paper, this author will interchangeably use the acronym FDR for Franklin D.
Roosevelt, as well as DJT for Donald J. Trump, or Roosevelt and Trump, with no disrespect
intended, but for ease in writing. This author refuses to fall into the gender-neutral web of the
politically correct and makes no apologies for the use of the terms man or mankind when
writing, as the terms are not an affront to women. This author also ardently believes any attempt
to translate the Bible using gender-neutral terms is an insult to Christians
Historical Markers
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Our 32nd President (1933-1945), Franklin D. Roosevelt, came into office intending to help
the American people regain faith in themselves as they struggled in the depths of the Great
Depression. At his inauguration, FDR brought hope to a nation with these words:
This is pre-eminently the time to speak the truth, frankly and boldly. This great nation
will endure as it has endured. [It is] my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is
fear itself – nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror. (FDR, 1933)
The objective of FDR's inaugural speech was to "wage war" on the Great Depression by
expanding the power of the federal government. Pleading with Congress for the "broad
Executive power to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the power that would be given
to me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe. (FDR, 1933)
Brief Biography. Born in New York in 1882, FDR attended Harvard University and
Columbia Law School and married Eleanor Roosevelt in 1905. FDR was an avowed Democrat
who followed in the political footsteps of his cousin President Theodore Roosevelt entering
politics as New York Senator in 1910. FDR was Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow
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Wilson and nominee for vice president in 1920. In 1921, FDR was stricken with polio, fighting
courageously to regain the use of his legs. His political ambitions propelled him into the Albany,
New York governor’s mansion in 1928, where he served until his election to the presidency in
1932. By March 1933, the Great Depression had left 13,000,000 unemployed, and nearly every
bank closed. To be discussed in further detail later in this paper, FDR proposed his “New Deal,”
and Congress enacted massive programs and spending packages to bring relief to the
unemployed, business, and agriculture. By 1935, some recovery was measurable, but FDR felt
push back from business and bankers for his unconventional management style, for taking the
country off the gold standard, ballooning budget deficits, and concessions to labor. In response to
critics, FDR pushed for Social Security reforms, higher taxes, regulation of banks and public
utilities, and a massive unemployment relief package. (Franklin, 1933-1945)
After FDR’s reelection in 1936, he unsuccessfully moved to “enlarge the Supreme
Court,” because the Court had invalidated key measures of his New Deal. “A revolution in
constitutional law took place,” where the government “could legally regulate the economy.
(Franklin, 1933-1945) In his second term, FDR’s “good neighbor” policy moved the U.S. took a
step away from isolationism policy towards working with other nations against aggressors,
providing aid to allies, while actively working to keep the U.S. out of WWII. However, the
United States’ involvement was inevitable when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7,
1941. In response, FDR established the Office of Strategic Services. Additionally, FDR,
recognizing future peace, was an international goal, focused his efforts into the planning of a
United Nations, where “international difficulties could be settled.” Toward the end of WWII,
while still in office, FDR’s health failed, and he died on April 12, 1945. FDR was the only
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President ever elected to four terms as President. After FDR's death, Congress enacted legislation
limiting the presidency to two terms. (Franklin, 1933-1945)
Donald J. Trump
Our 45th President (2017 – present), Donald J. Trump, came into office intending to
transfer power from Washington, D.C. back to the American people, to “Make America Great
Again.” (The, 2017) Just as FDR pledged, DJT’s also pledged to help the American people
regain faith in themselves, believing in the incredible potential of the citizens and their ability to
exceed the “remarkable achievements of the past.” (Donald, 2017 - present)
The objective of DJT’s inaugural speech was to inspire a new national pride with these
words:
For too long, a small group in our nation's capital has reaped the rewards of government
while the people have borne the cost. Washington flourished - but the people did not
share in the wealth. Politicians prospered – but the jobs left, and the factories closed. The
establishment protected itself, but not the citizens of our country. Their victories have not
been your victories; their triumphs have not been your triumphs, and while they
celebrated in our nation's capital, there was little to celebrate for struggling families all
across our land. That all changes – starting right here, and right now, because this
moment is your moment, it belongs to you. (The, 2017)
The objective of DJT's speech was to bring back economic health, bring back patriotism, and
increase our military strength so the country could face any enemy foreign or domestic.
Brief Biography. Born in New York in 1946, DJT attended the University of
Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Finance and married Melania Trump in 2005. DJT is the
definition of the American success story, following in his father's footsteps, building his success
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through his business and entrepreneurial excellence in real estate, sports, and entertainment. DJT
is also the author of fourteen best-selling books, including The Art of the Deal, a business classic.
In DJT’s first run for any political office, he won the presidential election in 2016 with “the
largest Electoral College landslide" the most since President Ronald Reagan in 1984. He
received more than 62 million votes, "the most ever for any Republican candidate." (Donald,
2017 - present) DJT committed to delivering prosperity through tax reform, regulatory reform,
and better trade deals and disrupting the status quo.
National Security
Before WWII, intelligence and national security fell under the purview of the Department
of State, Office of Naval Intelligence and the War Department's Military Intelligence Division.
Just before the onset of the U.S. involvement in WWII, FDR created a civilian office, known as
the Coordinator of Information [COI], to better control intelligence activities with more of a
strategic approach to national security. (About, 2018) With the U.S. actively involved in WWII,
the COI was put under the newly created Joint Chiefs of Staff [JCS]. The COI then became the
Office of Strategic Services [OSS]. Where military support and resources could be used to gain
intelligence on "practically every country in existence but were not allowed to conduct
operations in the Pacific Theater," because General Douglas MacArthur claimed the Pacific.
Concurrently, the Federal Bureau of Investigations [FBI] and the Coordinator for Inter American
Affairs would not permit the OSS to conduct covert activities in the Western hemisphere,
confining OSS covert operations to Europe, Asia, and North Africa. (About, 2018). After FDR's
death, by executive order, President Harry S. Truman terminated the OSS. The intelligence
records were divided between the Department of State [DOS] and to what would become the
Central Intelligence Agency. [CIA]. (About, 2018)
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National Security Act of 1947
Two years after the death of FDR and the end of WWII, the National Security Act of
1947 was enacted, and the National Security Council [NSC] was created as a hub for government
agencies to engage in developing national defense and foreign policy. (National, n.d.) The
process of creating national security policy is not "codified in law," and each President develops
their version based on existing circumstances and threat analysis. (Carafano, 2020)
National Security Policy
The NSC staff members and government agency representatives meet to develop
recommendations, which move up to "cabinet-level officials," who then submit a package of
advice to the President. This "bottoms-up approach" for guiding the President, has been in place
since President Dwight Eisenhower. National security policy recommendations are just that
"recommendations," and each President makes their own decision to follow or reject the
proposal. Historically, presidents have "ignored the 'best' advice and did the right
thing."(Carafano, 2020) Innovative thinkers like FDR and DJT, like to "shake things up." Both
FDR and DJT do not fall into the category of followers. Like "FDR," DJT is very much the
"decider-in-chief." (Carafano, 2020)
On DJT's National Security policy, Carafano (2020) agrees DJT is unconventional, but
"different doesn't always mean wrong." Critics complain that DJT has violated how national
security policy is made because he doesn't always follow the advice of his experts, the
recommendations of the bureaucracy (Carafano, 2020), or the dribble put out by media pundits.
Decisions, especially regarding national security, should not be made in a vacuum. DJT, as did
FDR, each with their own inherited set of circumstances, sought advice from many sources,
including religious leaders, economists, heads of state, and the common man.
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DJT has laid out his National Security Strategy [NSS] (Trump, 2017) in considerable
detail, but the bottom line comes down to "An America First National Security Strategy." That
does not necessarily equate to isolationism. It means DJT takes seriously his responsibility to
whatever is needed "to protect the American people, the homeland, and the American way of
life." (Trump, 2017) To do this, DJT is committed to controlling our borders, reforming our
immigration system, dismantling transnational criminal organizations, and protecting critical
infrastructure, including cybersecurity. We must create a “layered missile defense system,”
defend against weapons of mass destruction, “pursue threats to their source,” and combat
biothreats and pandemics. (Trump, 2017) How prophetic given the current COVID-19 pandemic.
American prosperity depends on strong economic policies because economic security
equates to national security. The U.S. must address trade imbalances with fair and reciprocal
trade agreements. To further protect the economy, the U.S. must also protect its intellectual
property and technology. We must lead in research, technology, invention, and innovation.
Americans must embrace energy dominance by accessing and developing our energy resources,
which in turn stimulates our economy. We must renew America’s competitive advantage by
preserving peace through strength by rebuilding our military. (Trump, 2017)
Regarding America's allies and partners, they must financially and physically "shoulder a
fair share of the burden" for the protection America provides them. To make America more
secure and prosperous, America must also advance its influence in the world by competing and
leading in "multilateral organizations." America must be an example of leadership, liberty,
democracy, and commitment to the rule of law. (Trump, 2017) And above all, we must thank
God for our blessings.
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Best Practices
On presidents from FDR to DJT, Joseph Nye opines, "Americans want a certain amount
of idealism and value in foreign policy. They want their security protected and their prosperity
advanced, and so a president is always balancing the two." (Prazzanese, 2020). This statement is
undoubtedly true for FDR and DJT and the actions they took or are taking to protect America and
its citizens.
National Security requires an all-hazards approach for the collective protection of critical
assets. These critical assets include every citizen, the country, its assets abroad, and protecting
our allies. A National Security Strategy or Policy [NSS or NSP] is key to meeting the “basic
needs and security concerns of citizens and address external and internal threats to the country.”
(National, 2020)
Economic Security is National Security
Inauguration day March 4, 1933, FDR stood before a nation staggering through the
worldwide economic collapse known as the Great Depression. So, what does economic security
have to do with national security? National security can be defined in many ways. But most
people in the U.S. would define national security as the physical security of the American
homeland, its citizens and assets at home and abroad; protection from terrorist threats, war, and
espionage; and, the preservation and promotion of national values of democracy, human rights
and the rule of law. (Kilroy, 2018). However, if asked, few people would include economic
prosperity and the free movement of goods and services in their definition of national security.
Dr. Sheila Ronis (2011) wrote an entire book on how economic security is the neglected
dimension of national security. Ronis affirms, "America's role in the world is based on its
military and economic prowess." There is no question that economic viability is vital to national
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security, for "without capital, there is no business; without business, there is no profit; without
profit, there are no jobs. And without jobs, there are no taxes, and there is no military
capability." (Ronis, 2011, pp. xi-xii)
With the introduction of his “New Deal,” in early1933, FDR, having inherited an
economy mired in the Great Depression, recognized the importance of economic security, just as
if he had read Ronis’ book. FDR moved legislation forward to create the Works Projects
Administration [WPA] and the Public Works Administration [PWA], which were the foundation
of his New Deal. Highly criticized for having programs with similar acronyms, these were two
very different programs. The WPA’s primary purpose was to rejuvenate the economy by
providing minimum wage jobs for unemployed workers, to carry out small but useful community
projects. In the ten year duration of the New Deal, the WPA program employed 3,400,000
Federal workers and expended $11 billion.
On the other hand, the PWA program intended to rejuvenate the economy from the
perspective of a businessman. At FDR’s prodding, Congress initially authorized $3.3 billion
(Underhill, 2011) to boost employment and provide bailout money to large banks and
corporations. (Folsom, 2010) FDR was ‘pump-priming’ the economy, with an injection of public
funds for the construction of public infrastructure projects. (Underhill, 2011) FDR’s New Deal
was a massive spending program for its time, but critics of FDR credited WWII for pulling the
country out of the Great Depression, giving little credit to FDR’s New Deal. (Kilroy, 2018)
Fast-forward to 2009 and the election of President Barack Obama. A massive blow to the
American economy, known as the Great Recession, began in 2008, resulting in the highest
recorded unemployment rates and home foreclosures since FDR’s Great Depression crisis.
(Coghlan, McCorkell, & Hinkley, 2018). Greed caused by the collapse of the housing market.
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Simply put, banks and financial institutions were encouraged to loan money to individuals with
low credit ratings, who could not qualify for a conventional loan. Given the risk of default, the
loans come with higher interest rates. Subprime mortgage lenders were incentivized to bundle
these loans to be sold to other investors, "in order to profit from high origination fees." (Coghlan
et al., 2018) President Obama, by his own words, “inherited a Great Recession.” (Folsom, 2010)
And much like FDR, Obama went on a spending spree to pull the country out of the Great
Recession, signing into law a $787 billion stimulus package, where his critics claimed the
stimulus package lined the pocket of his constituencies across the country. President Obama
backed a shovel ready "jobs bill" that sent money "into key congressional districts" (Folsom,
2010) for jobs that were not shovel ready. And, later pushed even harder for "a cap-and-trade
bill" and universal health coverage, known as Obamacare. With all the spending increases, the
Obama administration struggled to understand why the economy had not substantially improved.
Critics of both Roosevelt and Obama insist spending is not the way to lift an economy out
of depression or recession as “every dollar of government spending must be raised through a
dollar of taxation.” (Folsom, 2010) So, when you have little or no success in improving the
economy by throwing money at it, scapegoating follows. FDR blamed Wall Street bankers and
big business in explaining his failure, simultaneously launching investigations of Republicans,
while cleverly using the media to go after these targets. President Obama also targeted Wall
Street bankers, large corporations, oil companies, and health insurance companies for his failures
and chose “class warfare” to target his political enemies. (Folsom, 2010) Ferrara (2013), a critic
of Obama, claims his economic policies were anti-growth, and he should have cut tax rates,
implementing deregulation measures, adopted monetary policies to stabilize the dollar and
controlled spending.
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The economic stagnation of the eight years of President Barack Obama's administration
paved the way for the election of a businessman, Donald J. Trump, recognized for his business
acumen. President Trump came into the presidency focused on the fact that “economic security
is national security.” (Navarro, 2018) He understood the economic malaise in the country and the
complexity of the economic times. For President Trump, economic security equated to
Americans with “good jobs at good wages and the freedom to pursue the abundant economic and
entrepreneurial opportunities that were available to our forebears.” (Navarro, 2018) President
Trump knew national security was achievable through an economic revival with policies that
took advantage of technological innovation and our oil and natural gas resources. Trump’s
administration looked to corporate tax cuts to spur investment and deregulation to permit
businesses to become globally competitive. Existing trade agreements and tariffs would be
eliminated or renegotiated and strengthened. President Trump strives to bring home corporations
that had moved overseas and redevelop America's manufacturing base. He wants to reignite
President Herbert Hoover's "Buy American Act" of 1933, increase defense sales to strengthen our
strategic partners and regional alliances; and, revitalize our military. (Navarro, 2018) Regarding,
DJT's economic successes, on February 4, 2020, at the State of the Union Address, he said:
The years of economic decay are over. I am thrilled to report to you tonight that our
economy is the best it has ever been. Our military is completely rebuilt, with its power
being unmatched anywhere in the world. Our borders are secure. Our families are
flourishing. Our values renewed. Our pride restored. And for all of these reasons, I say to
the people of our great country and the members of Congress: The state of our Union is
stronger than ever before. (Trump, 2020a)
And then America and the world were struck by the pandemic identified as COVID-19.
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On March 13, 2020, President Trump declared a national emergency concerning COVID-
19, a virus first detected in Wuhan China in December 2019. (Trump, 2020b) Trump’s
proclamation came a day after the World Health Organization [WHO] declared COVID-19 a
pandemic. This invisible menace resulted in a worldwide quarantine to slow the spread of the
virus, concurrently suffocating the economy in America and worldwide. If economic security is
national security, as President Trump announced in his inauguration speech, this begs an answer
to the question, can a disease be deemed a security issue? The answer is qualified yes, according
to Enemark (2009), who opined, “A particular disease might be deemed a security issue when its
effects impose or threaten to impose an intolerable burden on society." By every estimation, this
virus certainly has imposed an intolerable burden on society. As COVID-19 continues to disrupt
the world, the full measure of its impact awaits academic analysis and unsolicited opinions from
Monday morning quarterbacks. President Trump, ever the optimist, asserts that once the
pandemic has run its course, the economy can be brought back, “We built the greatest economy
in the world, I’ll do it a second time.” (Schwartz, 2020)
The Role of the Media
Just as it was for FDR, and as it is today for President Trump, the role of the media is
central in the success or failure of a presidency. FDR, the first of the media presidents, was a
master at using the media to get his message to the citizenry. In FDR’s time, the media consisted
of newspapers, magazines, photography, newsreels, and press conferences, where only
accredited correspondents could ask questions or make comments. (Underhill, 2012) With the
advent of radio, FDR recognized how the new technology would increase the power of the
presidency, and he was able to use the radio in his famous “fireside chats” to enhance his
persuasive messages. FDR viewed the “presidency as a pulpit for moral leadership.” (Underhill,
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2012) What listeners heard from FDR were simple encouraging words, in the troubled economic
times. However, FDR’s remarks were planned and carefully crafted. Beito (2017) quotes media
historian Betty Houchin Winfield who opined the radio permitted FDR to be "the news gatherer,
the reporter, as well as the editor," all at the same time. But when it came to the print media, FDR
was known to feud with them but was also able to manipulate them to “suppress unfavorable
coverage" cleverly. (Beito, 2017)
DJT's admirers and critics would agree that he challenges the media and, in the process, is
"rewriting the relationship between the press and the presidency.” (Beito, 2017) DJT has taken to
Twitter to set his agenda quickly, abruptly rejects his critics, and sideline the media, coining the
name "fake news.” During news conferences, DJT singles out supportive reporters while
ignoring others. Critics who complain about how Trump bullies the media express insincere
concern that his tactics may backfire and gleefully hope it will be his undoing. (Beito, 2017)
Conclusion
Two presidents, one Democrat and one Republican, separated by decades. Two men who never
met yet shared the experience and huge responsibility of governing our nation. As President
Trump joined with world leaders on the 75th anniversary of D-Day, he stood on stage with a
backdrop of an American flag and a photograph of FDR projected behind him. In the poignant
moment, he read from a prayer FDR had recited on national radio, on June 6, 1944. The prayer
read, in part, “Almighty God, our sons, pride of our nation, this day, have set upon a mighty
endeavor, a struggle to preserve our republic, our religion and our civilization and to set free a
suffering humanity.” (Watch, 2019) Yes, President Donald J. Trump is an unconventional
statesman, much in the mode of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Both innovative thinkers, not of like
mind or policies, but both patriots, seeking look to keep America free and vibrant. Both
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presidents have had their share of admirers and critics. And in response to both admirers and
critics, President Donald J. Trump (2015) offers, “In the end, you’re measured not by how much
you undertake but by what you finally accomplish.” And similarly, in a Portland, Oregon
campaign speech, on September 21, 1932, FDR said, “My friends, judge me by the enemies I
have made.” (Franklin, 1930s)
Personal Reflections
History reveals the religious affiliations of a U.S. president affect their electability, shape
policies, and provides moral leadership. “Americans care about their leader’s faith.” (Masci,
2017) Yet, Article VI of the Constitution applies no religious test “as a qualification to any office
or public trust.” (The, n.d.) To quote James Robinson, "God uses imperfect people to accomplish
His perfect will." (Brody, 2018) Although the Robinson quotes were explicitly made about
President Trump, it applies to all presidents and all men. In a nation built on Judeo Christian
principles, our leaders should use the Bible as a tool to learn the principles of how to be a
successful president.
Philippians 2:3 (NIV) reads, "Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather
in humility, value others above yourselves." A tool to understand the other person and is
worthwhile in negotiations.
Psalm 112:5 (NIV) reads, “Good will come to those who are generous and lend freely,
who conduct their affairs with justice.” Justice in the Bible is synonymous with righteousness.
Do the right thing.
2 Timothy 3:16-17 (NIV) reads, “All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching,
rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the servant of God may be thoroughly
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equipped for every good work. Every President needs inspiration and where better to seek it
then from the word of God. Only good work will come.
Luke 14:28-29 (NIV) reads, “Suppose one of you wants to build a tower. Won’t you first
sit down and estimate the cost to see if you have enough money to complete it?” Always have a
plan….an affordable policy.
From President Donald J. Trump on this Easter Sunday, April 12, 2020, “We affirm that
Americans believe in the power of prayer. We give thanks for the majesty of creation and the gift
of eternal life. And we place our trust in the hands of Almighty God.” (Trump, 2020c)
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Trump, D. J. (2017). National security strategy of the United States of America. Retrieved from
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-
2017_0905.pdf
Trump. D.J. (2020a). Remarks by President Trump in state of the union address. Retrieved from
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-state-union-
address-3/
Trump, D. J. (2020b). Proclamation on declaring a national emergency concerning the novel
coronavirus disease (covid-19) outbreak. Retrieved from
https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-declaring-national-
emergency-concerning -novel-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-outbreak/
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UNCONVENTIONAL STATESMAN
Trump, D. J. (2020c). Remarks by President Trump at Easter blessing with Bishop Harry
Jackson. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-
president-trump-easter-blessing-bishop-harry-jackson/
Underhill, R. (2012). Rise and fall of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Retrieved from
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.liberty.edu
Watch: Trump reads from FDR’s prayer on D-day anniversary. (2019). PBS News Hour.
Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/trump-reads-from-fdrs-prayer-on-
d-day
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