Medieval Religion
Christianity: dominated every factor, synchrotism- superstition existing alongside
Medieval view of the universe
Platonist: two realms= heaven and earth
Aristotle & Ptolemy: geocentric= earth is the center of the universe
Great chain of being: heirchachle order to God
Medieval universe: Platonist
two realms= heaven and earth
Medieval universe: Aristotle & Ptolemy
geocentric= earth is the center of the universe
Medival universe: Great chain of being
heirchachle order to God= God, angels, man, animals, etc.
Medieval view of the individual
1. Created in God's image: emphasized access to God was broken with Adam and Eve, "helplessness"
"sinful state"
2. Place in the great chain: thought God's message would go through heiarchy
3. Way of salvation: acess God's grace through church
4. Ration thought guided by revelation
Black Death
Originated from fleas on black rats. Started in Gobi dessert, Mongolia. Moved to Russia. Then Sicily by
ships. Spread by human contact. Mostly found in popluated areas. Thought it was divine punishment for
human sins. Massacres of Jews (not by Papacy). Caused production to plummet, letting people rise up
and demand higher wages.
Rennesiance Art
Art as an expression, not craft. this type of art flourished from economic growth, social and intellectual
developments, and the revival of interest of ancient greek and roman culture. Imitate nature and
classical/sculputure. combines classical and medieval art. Freedom of expression and highly
experimental.
Da vinci-mary
Botticelli- magi
ghirlandiao- birth of st. john
masaccio- trinity
Machiavelli
First major modern political thinker
"The Prince"
Humanist (yes and no)
Believed in a republic (admired ancient roman republic)
His name became known as athiest and evil politician
Jesuits
Founder: Ignatious of Loyola
"Ministers of the Word": emphasis on preaching, studying the bible, evangelism "going fishing"
Education: founded school's all over Europe
Missions: most happened within Europe, setting up in a city and have a type of revival
Council of Trent: goals
1. reform the church
2. clarify disputed doctrine and condemn heresy
3. restore peace and unity- wanted one church
Council of Trent: doctrinal issues
1. justification
2. authority: twofold, tradition of church and scripture were considered equal authority
3. sacraments: affirmed all 7, eucharist (real communion), asking St.s to interceded for them by praying
to them
John Calvin
most profound influence in reformation
one of the first people to study the bible in the original languages- greek and hebrew
"institutes of christian religion":dedicated to Francis 1, as a reasurrance that Calvin's follwers are still
loyal to the king= systematic presentation of the christian faith, rejected all sacrements accept baptisim
and communion
*founded the academy of Geneva: helped spread his teaching.
Council of Trent: reform isuues
pastoral mission of church
training of priests
every bishop required to found a school
training or priests
every bishop required to found a school
duty to preach gospel
required bishop to live where he ministered
The rise and fall of hapsburg spain
exemplified interconnectedness of king, army, church, and taxation
Spain became intercontinental (new world), started to look like we know as spain
Ferdinand married Isabella and unified spain
fell due to an economic crash
Reformation in France
relative independance of church due to Calvin
reglious wars- finally settled when Henry of Burboun becomes Henry the Great by making Edict of
Nantes: which made the rulers of each town had power to choose which religion they would uphold
weak monarchy- people were seperated in religion, so power overturned and changed things
nobels were attracted to calvin and lithers ideas
St. Bartholemew day massacre, wanted to bring in calvins follwers for an event. but it was a set up to
show france not to follow them, started killing.
Reformation in England
Henry 8, not a protestant and did not start reformation
Reign of Elizabeth- England became protestant
Consolated by practical politics
Transition to the Modern State
national states- taxes and war, had power from its nobility and material resources of territory
centralized goverments emerged- absolutism
republican states also emerged
Uniqueness of Italy - Why the Renaissance began in Italy?
Who: wealthy merchants and elite
What: the Renaissance, a time of reverting to a rebirth of Roman roots of luxury and indulgence of
worldy goods and pleasures
When: Around 1350-1600
Where: Northern Italy, city-states
Why: because of their advancement in social, political, and economic structure
So what: this period characterized a change in the Italians worldview, opening and implementing new
ideas of humanism and secular politics
Humanism in the Italian Renaissance
What: an admiration for all things classical and ancient, especially literature
When: Renessaince
Where: Italy
Key figures:
Petrarch- father of human, first to regenerate importance of literature
Pico della Mirandola- "Oration on the dignity of man"
Lorenzo Valla- textual criticism, looks at the language to discover it was not authentic
Impact:
Focusing on the positive qualities of man- medieval focused on man's sin, renassaince focused on man
being created in God's image.
Sense of history- medieval mind saw the dividing line was Christ but did not see the difference of them
compared to those before them
Rediscovery of the classics
An educational program- a "renassaince" man was well rounded and educated, humanities-practical,
emphasized rhetoric
Medici family
Who: Cosimo (Godfather of the Rennasiance) head of the Medici family (a banking family) economically
supported Lorenzo in his goal to become pope
What: paid for Lorenzo's "campaign" and in his winning became powerful bankers working for the pope
When: Rennasiance
Where: Italy
So what: fostered and inspired birth of the italian rennasiance, and the Medici bank was one of the most
respected and prosperous banks in Europe "God's bankers." The sponserhip of art and architecture.
Close with Michaelangelo
Erasmus
Most influential Christian humanist
Writings:
"Handbook of the Christian Soldier" (calls church back to the bible, attempt to explain philosophy of
Christ's supremecy, calls lay people to reform, study scriptrue and pray personally which was a
revolutionary idea of the time) but most famous for "Praise of Folly" (humorous: ridiculing scholastics,
and calling to return to apostolic worship)
Significance: Greek New Testament- published as a book for the first time, scholars where then able to
discuss in depth and collaborate for better accuracy and understand, making the NT in its original
language available to all, 1516 (luther could use this which ignites his work, a def connection)
Luther's Teachings
Salvation by faith alone (cannot work for it or buy it)
Scripture should be the basis (held more power then the authority of the church)
No purgatory
Pope's don't have the power to forgive
Queen Elizabeth
Mother of England
used gender to advantage
"married ot England"
"virgin queen"
England becomes fully protestant
golden age
Accomplishments:
being confident and not questioning her rule
religious settlement
moderation and expediences: "act of supremecy" done through a council to put Queen at head of
church
"act of uniformity" revised to be more moderate, a little catholic and a little protestant
"thirty nine articles" a doctrinal statement, dropping the most anti-catholic
1. Spanish threat
led king on
2. Political skill
master politican
sneeky
won the hearts of her people
3. Government
privy council: reduced size, trusted and loyal, gave them power, consulted them in everything
parliament: only used when she had to, legitimized reformation
patronage: knew how to grant favors for her political gain, gave out many titles
4. Marriage
very sought after
no heir but named a succesor
5. public image
master of PR- portraits
maintained personal contact with her people by "tours"
died 1603
Catholic/ Counter Reformation
Catholic: broader changes that took place were independent or parallel to the protestant reform
Counter: reaction/response to the protestant reformation
BOTH! reform efforts before Lutehr, then slowed down before picking up after the protestant reform.
1. Pre-Luther reform:
Archbishop of Toledo, Francisco, had a goal to reform clergy. To preach the Gospel, instruct children,
believeing the key was in education so he created a university promotting humanist learning.
Complutensian Polyglot Bible: parallel bible w/ Hebre, greek, and latin
Christian humanist: erasmus, a french NT published.
Reforming popes before and after Luther
Impact:
personal spirituality
quality of clergy
charitable outreach
missions across Europe and world (spiritual and strategic)
polyglot bible
Christian humanist
Reformation in Germany
Origin: revolt of peasants
Major events: Schmalkaldic war- german nobles and princes, princes won. Defensive league. Resulted in
the:
Peace of Augburg 1555, the prince decided what religion their town would be.
Forces behind European expansion
1. Economic: trade
2. Political: competition, centralized monarchy
3. Religious: converting other to Christianity (spiritual and strategic)
4. Technilogical: guns, ships, navigation
1492: the last muslim stronghold at Granada was defeated, and the whole peninsula belonged to spain
for Christendom. Queen Isabella. Which allowed her to fund Columbus to expand Europe
Impact of European Expansion
CORN!
1. Columbian Exchange: wrote about plants, animals, and diseases and contact between old world and
new
2. Indigenous peoples, slave trades
3. Price revolution
4. Shift from Mediterranean to Atlantic
