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Becoming an informed Voter 1
Becoming an Informed Voter
Brookelynn M. Rhyne
Helms School of Government, Liberty University
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Becoming an informed Voter 2
Becoming an Informed Voter
In this essay we will investigate the recent political history of the congressional district
within the state of Tennessee. In addition, we will analyze the rise to power of both the states’
Representative and Senator. Furthermore, we will then discuss whether or not these individuals
who have been elected to Congress remain true to their promises and positions. Lastly, we will
compare their voting records to Biblical principles in hopes of determining if they align with one
another.
Introduction: Tennessee, The Volunteer State
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 3
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 4
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 5
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
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Becoming an informed Voter 6
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 7
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 8
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
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Becoming an informed Voter 9
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 10
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 11
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 12
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 13
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 14
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 15
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 16
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 17
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 18
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 19
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 20
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 21
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 22
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 23
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 24
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 25
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 26
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 27
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 28
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 29
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 30
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 31
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 32
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 33
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 34
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 35
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 36
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 37
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 38
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 39
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 40
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 41
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 42
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 43
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 44
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 45
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 46
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 47
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 48
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 49
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 50
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 51
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 52
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 53
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 54
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 55
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 56
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 57
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 58
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 59
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 60
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 61
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 62
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 63
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 64
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 65
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 66
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 67
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 68
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 69
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 70
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 71
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 72
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 73
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 74
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 75
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 76
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 77
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 78
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 79
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 80
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 81
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 82
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 83
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 84
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 85
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 86
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 87
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 88
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 89
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 90
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 91
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 92
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 93
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 94
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 95
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 96
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 97
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 98
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 99
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 100
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 101
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 102
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 103
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 104
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 105
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 106
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 107
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 108
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 109
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 110
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 111
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 112
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 113
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 114
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 115
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 116
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 117
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 118
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 119
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 120
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 121
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 122
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 123
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 124
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 125
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 126
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 127
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 128
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 129
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 130
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 131
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 132
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 133
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 134
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 135
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 136
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 137
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 138
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 139
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 140
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 141
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 142
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 143
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 144
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 145
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 146
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 147
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 148
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 149
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 150
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 151
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 152
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 153
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 154
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 155
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 156
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 157
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 158
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 159
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 160
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 161
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 162
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 163
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 164
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 165
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 166
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 167
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 168
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 169
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 170
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 171
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 172
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 173
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 174
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 175
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 176
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 177
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 178
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 179
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 180
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 181
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 182
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 183
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 184
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 185
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 186
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 187
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 188
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 189
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 190
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 191
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 192
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 193
issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 194
In June of 1796, Tennessee joined the Union as the 16th state of the United States.
Tennessee succeeded from the Union during the Civil War and did not participate in the 1864
election. Like many southern states, Tennessee voted almost exclusively with the Democratic
Party until after World War II. Since the 1950’s, Republicans typically won the state, with a few
exceptions.
25 Years of Political History
To begin, in regard to Presidential elections, the great state of Tennessee has had a
sporadic history of voting. Prior to 2000, between the years of 1952 and 1996, like mentioned
above, traditionally swayed red, however there were a few exceptions. The last time a democratic
candidate won the state was in the 1992 and 1996 presidential election of Bill Clinton partnered
with Tennessee Senator Al Gore as Vice President. However, interestingly enough, the following
election Al Gore was defeated by the Republican candidate George W. Bush.
For the last 25 years, six of the seven presidential elections have been consistent with this
trend of voting red. The only exception being in the 1996 election between Bill Clinton (D) and
Robert Dole (R). With reference to Senatorial elections, since 1996, both Senators have been
members of the Republican Party. When looking to the House of Representatives, the data is
more skewed due to the greater number of individuals in the House (Article I, Section II). Over
the last 25 years, 4 of the 9 representatives have been exclusively republican, and 1 of the 9,
exclusively democratic, where as, the other 4, two trend one way and the 2 other trend the
opposite way. In the most recent election, 8 of the 9 elected representative candidates are
republican. Lastly, the Governor voting history of Tennessee within the last 25 years, has voted
red in five of the last seven elections.
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 195
To add, a poll was conducted to predict the outcome of the upcoming 2024 Presidential
election. The first study was conducted at Emerson College. Out of their sample, 55% voted for
the republican candidate, while 22% for the democratic candidate, leaving 23% to other parties.
In addition, another study, a larger study was done by Beacon Poll. In this poll, 46% of the
sample voted for the Republican candidate, 32% for the democratic, and lastly 22% for other
parties.
Tennessee’s Political Landscape
Tennessee has a long history of supporting the Republican Party in recent decades, but its
political landscape has evolved over time. Historically, Tennessee was a stronghold for the
Democratic Party, and it played a significant role in Democratic politics during the 19th and
early-to-mid 20th centuries. For example, prominent Democrats like Andrew Jackson and
Cordell Hull hailed from Tennessee. However, starting in the mid-20th century and accelerating
in the latter part of the century, Tennessee began to shift toward supporting the Republican Party.
There are several reasons for this transformation. To begin, southern realignment. Like other
southern states, Tennessee experienced the Southern Realignment, which was a shift in party
alignment among white voters in the South. Many white voters who had previously supported the
Democratic Party, primarily due to its historical association with the Confederacy and white
supremacy, began to shift to the Republican Party, which was perceived as more conservative
and aligned with their values. Next, regarding the cultural and social issues. The Republican
Party's positions on cultural and social issues, such as opposition to abortion and support for
conservative family values, resonated with many Tennesseans. This shift was part of a broader
trend in the South and other conservative-leaning states. In addition, the idea of economic
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 196
conservatism. The Republican Party's emphasis on free-market policies and reduced government
intervention in the economy attracted support from Tennesseans who favored a business-friendly
environment. Lastly, the role that the state plays in national politics. The influence of national
political figures and trends also played a role in Tennessee's political shift. The rise of
conservative leaders like Ronald Reagan and the "Reagan Revolution" in the 1980s had a
substantial impact on the state's political landscape.
As a result of these factors, Tennessee gradually became a Republican stronghold in both
state and national elections. In recent years, the Republican Party has maintained a strong
presence in Tennessee, consistently winning major races, including the presidency,
governorships, and congressional seats. However, it's worth noting that political landscapes can
change over time, and demographic shifts or changing political priorities could potentially alter
the state's political dynamics in the future.
Current Legislation: It’s Rise to Power
To begin, Marsha Blackburn (R), is a Republican who was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2018. She has a bachelor's degree in home economics from Mississippi State University. Before
entering politics, she had a background in business and served in the U.S. House of
Representatives. She has a long history in Tennessee politics and has been involved in various
conservative causes. Secondly, Bill Hagerty (R), is also a Republican and was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 2020. He has a law degree from Vanderbilt University. Before his Senate run, he served
as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan under the Trump administration and had a career in business
and finance (States in the Senate: Tennessee, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 197
Tennessee has nine congressional districts, each represented by a member in the U.S.
House of Representatives. District 1 is represented by Diana Harshbarger (R). Diana has been a
licensed pharmacist and a successful business owner for over three decades. She brings a
nononsense, common-sense approach to Washington, D.C. Diana is dedicated to fighting for East
Tennessee's priorities, including healthcare reform, economic development, combating the tragic
opioid epidemic, and expanding broadband access for rural communities. She currently serves on
the House Energy and Commerce Committee (Diana Harshbarger: 1st Congressional District,
n.d.).
District 2, Tim Burchett (R), took office in January 2019, after serving eight years as
mayor of Knox County. Thanks to natural growth and good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, his
administration was able to build new schools, launch infrastructure projects, and pay down debt
—all without raising taxes. Prior to his tenure as Knox County Mayor, he started a successful
small business before serving 16 years in the state legislature, four years in the State House
followed by 12 years in the State Senate. Rep. Burchett currently serves on the House
Committees on Oversight and Accountability; Foreign Affairs; and Transportation and
Infrastructure (About Congressman Tim Burchett, n.d.).
District 3, Chuck Fleischmann (R), since being elected, he has voted to cut $1.6 trillion
from the federal budget, repeal ObamaCare, defund Planned Parenthood, rein in the EPA, and
has a 100% pro-life and 2nd Amendment voting record. He is a proven conservative. Chuck
serves on the House Committee on Appropriations and a number of subcommittees that are
vitally important to the residents of the 3rd District (Chuck Fleischmann for Congress, n.d.).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 198
District 4, Scott DesJarlais (R), has built a reputation as a conservative leader. He is
consistently rated as one of the most effective conservatives in Congress by groups like Heritage,
the American Conservative Union and Americans for Prosperity. Congressman DesJarlais has a
proven track record of fighting for policies that will enforce fiscal discipline in Washington,
strengthen our nation’s economy, and end the flow of illegal immigration (Scott DesJarlais:
Representing the 4th District of TN, n.d.).
District 5, Andy Ogles (R), has served the people of Tennessee for decades fighting for
limited government, lower taxes, and greater freedom. In Washington, D.C., he will work to
preserve a better future for our children and the families of our community. Andy is humbled and
honored to have the opportunity to faithfully represent Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional District
in The United States House of Representatives (About Rep. Ogles, n.d.).
District 6, John Rose (R), is serving his third term in Congress—representing Tennessee's
Sixth Congressional District on the House Agriculture Committee. He works to reduce the
National debt and reign in government spending in an effort to leave America better for the next
generation. He also believes in reducing burdensome federal regulations on individuals,
families, businesses, and community banks, which is a regular part of his work on the prestigious
House Financial Services Committee.ttee and House Financial Services
Committee (About Rep. John Rose, n.d.)
District 7, Mark Green (R), Has sponsored 26 pieces of legislation and cosponsored 153
pieces of legislation over issues facing the people of Tennessee. From fighting for soldiers at Fort
Campbell to combatting China’s malign influence and illegal immigration, keeping harmful
Critical Race Theory out of schools, and slashing red tape to feed infants in the wake of a baby
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 199
formula shortage, Congressman Green’s well-rounded background in business, healthcare, and
the military has made him distinctly qualified to address such issues (Dr. Mark Green:
Biography, n.d.).
District 8, David Kustoff (R), currently is in his fourth term serving the 8th District of
Tennessee. He serves on the House Committee on Ways and Means. The Ways and Means
Committee is the oldest committee in the United States Congress and has jurisdiction over issues
that affect West Tennesseans every day including taxes, healthcare, trade, and family support
programs. In addition to serving on the full Committee on Ways and Means, David was also
appointed to serve on the Subcommittees on Tax, Trade, and Social Security (About David
Kustoff, n.d.).
Lastly, District 9, Steven Cohen (R), Congressman Cohen is committed to improving the
lives of his constituents and continues to advocate to secure millions of federal dollars for local
projects related to health care, infrastructure, transportation, housing, homelessness, education,
public safety, community revitalization programs, and more. He has never faltered in fighting for
those who do not have the power bestowed by wealth and advantage, and his goal remains to
ensure that everyone – regardless of race, class or creed – has the opportunity to achieve their
American dream (Congressman Steve Cohen: Biography, n.d.).
Interest Group Ratings
Understanding these ratings is simply put, “like a teacher gives a student a grade for how
well he or she completes an assignment, special interest groups give grades or “ratings” to
politicians based on how well they think a politician has done with representing the group’s
interests while in office” (Nguli, 2016).
lOMoARcPSD|27792785
Becoming an informed Voter 200
To begin, the most recent rating from the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), rated
Senator Marsha Blackburn 0%. This rating can be expected to be low because of her position in
the Republican Party. Secondly, the American Civil Liberties Union rated her a 67%. Next, the
American Conservative Union rated Blackburn a 96%. Again, an understandingly high rating
because of her political party association. Lastly, the Christian Coalition of America rated
Blackburn a 100%. Again, this rating could be expected because of the position that faith plays
within the southern culture. (Marsha Blackburn’s Ratings and Endorsements, n.d.).
Conservative v. Liberal
Tennessee's state legislature is generally considered conservative. The Tennessee General
Assembly is currently dominated by Republicans, and they hold majorities in both the State
House and the State Senate. The state has a history of electing conservative politicians and
enacting policies aligned with conservative principles, including those related to fiscal
responsibility, limited government, and social issues. Along with this, the aforementioned ratings
of the interest groups can confirm that members of congress representing the state of Tennessee,
like Marsha Blackburn, are more conservative in ideology that liberal.
Conclusion
Tennessee's state legislature, like many conservative-leaning legislatures in the United
States, often aligns with certain Christian beliefs on various social and moral issues. This
alignment in turn cooperates with my personal beliefs as a Christian. The following are examples
in which my beliefs align with state legislation: pro-life legislation, traditional marriage,
religious freedom, and religious expression. Living in a state that takes actions to support these
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issues is refreshing. The fact that my congresspeople represent the Christian community well
ensures that the issues that they back are rooted in truth.
Romans 13:1 says, "Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is
no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God" (English
Standard Version, 2019). Our legislators, both state and national have a duty to act in the best
interest of their constituents, but not to forget they are also subject to the judgement of the
ultimate authority.
Being an informed member of society is crucial, not only when it comes to voting, but in
general. It empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping their communities and holding
those in power accountable, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society as a whole. In
regard to voting, being able to accurately assess whether a candidate would be qualified is vital
in playing an active role in society. Your vote can make a difference.
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References
Biography. Congressman Steve Cohen. (2023, March 21).
https://cohen.house.gov/about/biography
Congressman Chuck Fleischmann. (n.d.). https://fleischmann.house.gov/
Congressman David Kustoff. (n.d.). https://kustoff.house.gov/
ESV new christian’s Bible: English standard version. (2019). . Crossway.
Facts for all. Vote Smart. (n.d.).
https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/evaluations/25186/marsha-blackburn/31/
Nguli. (2016). Vote smart’s 2020 voter’s self-defense manual.
https://static.votesmart.org/static/pdf/2020_VSDM.pdf
Representative Diana Harshbarger. (n.d.). https://harshbarger.house.gov/
Representative John Rose. (n.d.). https://johnrose.house.gov/
Representative ogles. Representative Ogles. (n.d.). https://ogles.house.gov/
Representative Tim Burchett. (n.d.). https://burchett.house.gov/
States in the Senate: Tennessee. U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | Tennessee. (2023, August 9).
https://www.senate.gov/states/TN/intro.htm
Tennessee presidential election voting history - 270towin. 270toWin.com. (n.d.).
https://www.270towin.com/states/Tennessee
United States congressman Scott DesJarlais. United States Congressman Scott DesJarlais.
(2023, September 20). https://desjarlais.house.gov/
